ru Байжанов, выступая на международной конференции на тему «Внедрение и развитие перспективных технологий радиосвязи и цифрового вещания - основа дальнейшего развития телекоммуникационного рынка Казахстана», которая прошла с 4 по 5 февраля в Астане.

Как отметил глава холдинга «Арна Медиа», для развития цифрового эфирного телевещания (ЦЭТВ) в проект концепции ЦЭТВ был заложен ряд принципиальных моментов, которые «обусловлены тем, что его реализация будет осуществляться в конкурентной среде, в условиях быстро растущих бизнесов в сфере телекоммуникаций».

Одним из основных принципиальных моментов, заложенных в проекте концепции ЦЭВТ, является активная роль государства в формировании нормативно-правовой, институциональной и технологической базы внедрения цифрового эфирного телевещания, обеспечении населения Казахстана государственными и коммерческими телепрограммами в рамках пакета свободного доступа, распространяемого в сетях эфирного и непосредственного спутникового вещания.

Важнейшим вопросом, нуждающимся в решении на государственном уровне, по мнению главы холдинга, является формирование пакета свободного доступа (пакет социально значимых телевизионных каналов), который представляет собой состав 1-го мультиплекса. «На наш взгляд, в такой пакет должны быть включены каналы республиканского масштаба, прежде всего, с государственным участием, реализующие государственную информационную политику», - сказал Е.Байжанов.

По мнению главы «Арна Медиа», пакет свободного доступа должен быть сформирован и утвержден нормативным актом Президента или Правительства РК как пакет, обязательный для распространения на всей территории республики. Данные каналы должны быть доступны для населения в режиме свободного доступа и во всех средах трансляции (спутниковая, эфирная, кабельная, проводная), что должно предусматриваться в лицензионных условиях операторов связи (вещания), осуществляющих трансляцию.

Кроме того, рынок цифрового вещания потребует государственного регулирования отношений между субъектами рынка. В числе законодательно-правовых мероприятий, по мнению Е.Байжанова, необходимо обеспечить: определение перечня социально значимых каналов, сроков одновременного функционирования аналоговых и цифровых сетей, принятие национальных стандартов цифрового вещания и т.п. «К разработке нормативных (правовых и технических) актов необходимо приступить уже сейчас», - подчеркнул глава холдинга.

Вторым принципиальным моментом проекта концепции является окупаемость проекта. «Считаем, что, несмотря на бесплатный характер предоставляемого «пакета свободного доступа», проект может окупаться полностью или частично за счет предоставления дополнительных коммерческих услуг, прежде всего, дополнительного ТВ-контента за абонентскую плату», - отметил Е.Байжанов. Кроме того, должны быть разработаны тарифы на аренду передающих устройств для определения экономической обоснованности проекта в целом.

В то же время, необходимо иметь в виду, что полноценный успех проекта в рамках конкурентной среды не гарантирован. Об этом свидетельствует опыт внедрения эфирного цифрового вещания в ряде зарубежных стран, где пакет государственных телепрограмм оказался маловостребованным по сравнению с кабельными и спутниковыми сетями с их практически неограниченным телевизионным контентом.

В этой связи, третьим принципиальным моментом - является сотрудничество и интеграция с действующими участниками телевизионного и телекоммуникационного рынка. «К моменту внедрения проекта ЦЭТВ не менее 20% домохозяйств будут иметь доступ к кабельному и спутниковому ТВ и IP-телевидению. Интеграция с отлаженными цифровыми сетями, имеющими непосредственный доступ к потребителям, может существенно облегчить реализацию проекта и будет способствовать экономии государственных инвестиций», - отметил Е.Байжанов.

По его мнению, данный проект содержит значительный потенциал государственно-частного партнерства. Речь идет о 2-м, 3-м и т.д. мультиплексах. «Поэтому концепция ЦЭТВ содержит меры по реализации коммерческого сегмента данного проекта на основе привлеченных средств», - сказал глава холдинга. Он отметил, что данный подход применен во многих странах. К примеру, в России из общей стоимости проекта цифрового телевидения в 3,9 млрд. долларов лишь 1,2 млрд. долларов будет выделено из государственного бюджета, в то время как остальные средства - в размере 2,7 млрд. долларов - будут вложены из других источников.

Четвертый принципиальный момент - эффективная маркетинговая политика. «Это значительный комплекс мер по продвижению продукта на рынке, созданию сервисной инфраструктуры и т.д., который включает испытанные маркетинговые методы», - сказал Е.Байжанов.

В ходе своего выступления глава холдинга «Арна Медиа» также рассказал о содержании комплексного плана внедрения и развития ЦЭТВ. По его словам, он основан на смешанной форме финансирования (бюджетные и кредитные средства), предполагает полномасштабное внедрение цифрового вещания по всей территории страны и базируется на вводе в действие от 3 до 5 мультиплексов, один из которых внедряется за счет государственного бюджета.

План включает такие меры государственной поддержки, как изменения в законодательстве и в области лицензирования, обеспечение радиочастотным ресурсом, проектирование сети, программы профессионального обучения, обеспечение социально уязвимых слоев населения.

План также предполагает модернизацию наземной инфраструктуры цифрового вещания, действующей спутниковой системы непосредственного спутникового вещания, внедрение автоматической системы мониторинга и управления республиканской сетью цифрового вещания, создание сервисной сети, а также максимальное использование существующих сетей сторонних операторов.

«Очень важный аспект касается контентного наполнения цифрового вещания», - подчеркнул Е.Байжанов. - Поэтому план предполагает создание новых телевизионных каналов, имеющих важное социальное значение». Кроме того, комплексный план предусматривает расходы по распространению абонентских приставок среди населения.

В заключение Е.Байжанов отметил, что холдинг «Арна Медиа» поддерживает позицию Агентства РК по информатизации и связи о необходимости скорейшей разработки частотно-территориального плана. Это позволит приступить к системному проектированию, произвести предварительную оценку возможных вариантов строительства сети ЦЭТВ, в том числе, ожидаемую эффективность от строительства и дальнейшей эксплуатации сети цифрового эфирного вещания.

«В 2010 году эта работа должна быть завершена, чтобы в 2011 году приступить к полноценной реализации проекта ЦЭТВ, - сказал Е.Байжанов, отметив при этом, что - такую задачу Премьер-Министр страны Карим Масимов поставил перед Министерством культуры и информации и Агентством РК по информатизации и связи на прошедших коллегиях этих ведомств».]]> Графика http://www.csom.ru?id=2604 Wed, 03 Feb 2010 19:42:26 GMT
По сути, эта уязвимость открывает злоумышленникам доступ к любому файлу на локальном компьютере. Опасности подвержено сразу множество версий IE, в том числе Internet Explorer 5.01 и IE6 SP1 на платформе Windows 2000 SP4, а также IE6, IE7 и IE8 в Windows XP и Windows Server 2003.

Исправления к пострадавшим браузерам должны выйти, возможно, 9 февраля.
]]> Программы http://www.csom.ru?id=2603 Wed, 03 Feb 2010 19:41:35 GMT
Аналитики считают, что в текущем году смартфоны станут еще более популярными благодаря новым операционным системам от Microsoft, Nokia и Sony Ericsson.

По данным компании IDC, в течение 2009 года в целом производители поставили 174,2 млн смартфонов. Для сравнения: в 2008-м объем продаж равнялся 151,4 млн единиц. То есть рост составил приблизительно 15%.

Крупнейшим производителем коммуникаторов остается Nokia, отгрузившая в прошлом году 67,7 млн устройств (на 11,9% больше по сравнению с 2008-м, когда продажи оценивались в 60,5 млн). Рыночная доля Nokia составляет 38,9%.

Второе и третье места в рейтинге у Research In Motion и Apple, поставивших в 2009 году 34,5 и 25,1 млн смартфонов ответственно. Этим компаниям сейчас принадлежит 19,8 и 14,4% рынка.

В России несмотря на сокращение объемов рынка сотовых телефонов более чем на 20%, сегмент смартфонов и коммуникаторов продемонстрировал рост, считают в исследовательской компании MForum Analytics. По подсчетам аналитиков, объем продаж смартфонов и коммуникаторов по итогам 2009 года в штучном выражении составил 4,4 млн. Рост объемов продаж в штучном выражении относительно 2008 года составил 28%, в денежном выражении объем продаж увеличился на 13%. Лидирующую позицию на рынке смартфонов и коммуникаторов продолжает занимать Nokia – доля производителя в объемах рынка в штучном выражении по итогам 2009 года составила 45%]]> Новости http://www.csom.ru?id=2602 Wed, 03 Feb 2010 19:40:37 GMT
Начиная со вчерашнего дня, платформа Symbian, существующая уже более 10 лет и установленная на более чем 330 миллионах аппаратов по всему миру (преимущественно, на смартфонах Nokia), полностью открыта и ее исходный код доступен пользователям совершенно бесплатно. Подобный переход является крупнейшим в истории программного обеспечения, и, кроме того, его завершение произошло раньше на четыре месяца намеченного срока.

Ли Уильямс (Lee Williams), исполнительный директор Symbian Foundation, так прокомментировал данное событие: "Развивающееся общество оказывает влияние на будущее мобильной индустрии. Когда создавалась Symbian Foundation, мы планировали предоставить полный доступ к платформе к середине 2010 года, однако благодаря усердной работе наших сотрудников и компаний-участников мы сумели значительно опередить график."

Все 108 пакетов, содержащих исходный код платформы Symbian, теперь можно найти на сайте для разработчиков tiny.symbian.org/open. Также доступны для скачивания полные комплекты для создания приложений (Symbian Developer Kit) и наборы для мобильных устройств (Product Development Kit). Эти комплекты совместимы с Symbian^3, подробности о которой мы публиковали ранее. ]]> Новости http://www.csom.ru?id=2601 Wed, 03 Feb 2010 19:39:42 GMT
Новинка построена на базе Android 1.6. Как и в других «гуглофонах» среднего уровня в DEVOUR применяется фирменный интерфейс MOTOBLUR. Он призван упростить работу с сообщениями и социальными сервисами (Facebook, MySpace, Twitter). Коммуникатор напичкан всевозможными программами Google и поддерживает магазин Android Market, где можно докупить необходимое.

Американская версия Motorola DEVOUR будет работать в сетях CDMA 800/1900 EVDO rev A. Она получила емкостный экран с разрешением 480 х 320 точек и диагональю 3,1 дюйма, 3-Мп камеру с функцией видеозаписи, слот расширения microSDHC (карточка на 8 Гб будет идти в комплекте), A-GPS-навигацию, беспроводную связь Wi-Fi и Bluetooth, 3,5-мм разъем под наушники.

В кармане DEVOUR будет непросто носить из-за веса – 180 грамм. Параметры корпуса - 115,5 x 61 x 15,4 мм.
]]> Статьи http://www.csom.ru?id=2600 Wed, 03 Feb 2010 19:38:15 GMT UNIX – оболочки не поддерживали процедур. Данная технология еще и сегодня остается относительно незрелой. Например, Visual Basic не является в полном смысле языком описания сценариев. Первоначально он был разработан в качестве упрощенного языка системного уровня, а затем – модифицирован так, чтобы его было удобнее применять к описанию сценариев. Таким образом, у будущих языков подобного рода есть большой простор для совершенствования.
Кроме того, технология сценариев много выиграла от повышения производительности компьютерного оборудования. Еще не так давно, чтобы добиться приемлемой скорости работы приложения любого уровня сложности, необходимо было обращаться к языкам системного уровня. В некоторых случаях даже их эффективность оказывалась недостаточной и программу приходилось писать на ассемблере. Современные машины работают в 100 – 500 раз быстрее компьютеров 80 – х годов, и их производительность продолжает удваиваться примерно каждые 18 месяцев. Сегодня целый ряд приложений может быть реализован на языках описания сценариев при тем не менее великолепной производительности. Например, TCL – сценарии позволяет манипулировать тысячами объектов при сохранении хорошего уровня интерактивности. По мере того как компьютеры будут становиться быстрее и быстрее, применение языков описания сценариев будет становиться привлекательным для реализации все более и более масштабных приложений.
]]> Статьи http://www.csom.ru?id=2599 Wed, 14 Jan 2009 21:31:44 GMT ActiveX, Java Beans. Хотя языки программирования системного уровня с успехом используются для создания компонентов, задачи сборки из них приложений удобнее решаются при помощи сценариев. Без хорошего языка описания сценариев, предназначенного для манипулирования компонентами инфраструктуры, теряется значительная часть ее достоинств. Этим можно объяснить отчасти, почему компонентные инфраструктуры добились большей популярности в мире ПК, где существует такое удобное связующее средство, как Visual Basic, нежели на других платформах, таких как Unix/Cobra, компонентные инфраструктуры, для которых лишены языков описания сценариев.]]> Статьи http://www.csom.ru?id=2598 Wed, 14 Jan 2009 21:30:48 GMT графические интерфейсы пользователя появились в начале 1980 г. и приобрели широкое распространение к концу десятилетия. Сегодня на описание этой части программы во многих проектах уходит более половины всех усилии разработчиков. GUI по своей природе является составной компонентной системой. Цель его создания состоит не в реализации новых функциональных возможностей, а в том, чтобы наладить связи между графическими элементами управления и функциями внутренних частей приложения.
Некоторые из систем снабжены очень удобными графическими средствами для построения экранов, которые скрывают сложности лежащего в основе языка, однако, как только возникает необходимость в написании дополнительного кода, например, чтобы расширить спектр вариантов поведения элементов интерфейса, у разработчика сразу возникают трудности. Все лучшие среды ускоренной разработки основаны на языках описания сценариев: Visual Basic, HyperCard, TCL/TK.
Развитие и рост популярности Internet также способствовали распространению языков описания сценариев. Сама сеть является не чем иным, как средством связи систем. Она не создает никаких новых данных и не занимается их обработкой; все, что она делает- обеспечивает легкий доступ к огромному множеству существующих объектов. Идеальным языком программирования для решения большинства связанных с сетью задач мог бы стать тот, который лучше организует совместную работу всех связанных компонентов, т. е. язык описания сценария. Так, для написания сеть сценариев широко употребляется язык Perl, а среди разработчиков WEB-страниц популярен JavaScript.
]]> Статьи http://www.csom.ru?id=2597 Wed, 14 Jan 2009 21:30:23 GMT Языки описания сценариев существуют уже длительное время, однако, в последние годы в результате сочетания ряда факторов существенно повысилась их актуальность. Наиболее важный из этих факторов – направленность в сторону приложении, собираемых из готовых компонентов, В качестве трех иллюстрации его проявления можно назвать графические интерфейсы пользователя, Internet и компонентные инфраструктуры разработки.]]> Статьи http://www.csom.ru?id=2596 Wed, 14 Jan 2009 21:29:52 GMT языки описания сценариев для оболочек UNIX применяются для формирования “конвейеров” обработки потоков данных из набора стандартных фильтров. Языки описания сценариев часто применяются и для дополнения готовых компонентов новыми возможностями; однако эта деятельность редко охватывает создание сложных алгоритмов или структур данных, которые уже обычно бывают уже заложены в компоненты. Иногда языки описания сценариев даже называют связующими или языками системной интеграции.
Для языков описания сценариев характерно отсутствие типизации, которая только усложнила бы задачу соединения компонентов. Все элементы в них выглядят и функционируют одинаково и являются полностью взаимозаменяемыми. Например, в Tcl или Visual Basic переменная может содержать в одной точке программы строку, а в другой – целое число. Код и данные также часто бывают взаимозаменяемы. Например, Tcl, Visual Basic переменная может содержать в одной точке программы строку, а в другой - целое число. Код и данные также часто бывают взаимозаменяемы, так что программа может генерировать другую программу -– и сразу же запускать ее исполнение. Обычно языки описания сценариев используют переменные строковых типов, которые обеспечивают единообразный механизм представления для различных сущностей.
Отсутствие в языке деления переменных на типы упрощает соединение компонентов между собой. Нет априорных ограничений на то, каким образом может использоваться тот или иной элемент, а все компоненты значения представляются в едином формате. Таким образом, компонент или значение могут быть использованы в любой ситуации; будучи спроектированы для одних способов применения, они могут оказаться задействованы совершенно иными, о которых их создатель никогда не помышлял. Например, в UNIX – оболочках работа любой программы – фильтра включает чтение данных из входного потока и запись их в выходной поток. Любые две такие программы могут быть связаны путем назначения выходного потока одной в качестве входного потока другой. Следующая команда оболочки представляет систему из трех фильтров, подсчитывающую в выделенном фрагменте текста строки, содержащие слово “scipting”:
Select | grep scripting | WC
Программа select считывает текст, выделенный в данный момент на экране, и выводит его свои выходной поток; фильтр grep считывает входной поток и пропускает на выход строки, содержащие слово “scripting”; а программа wc подсчитывает число строк в своем потоке. Любой из подобных компонентов может найти применение во множестве различных ситуации, решая каждый раз иную общую задачу. Сильная типизация языков программирования системного уровня затрудняет повторное использование кода. Она поощряет программистов к созданию большого количества несовместимых друг с другом интерфейсов, каждый из которых требует применение объектов своего типа. Компилятор не позволяет объектам других типов взаимодействовать с этим интерфейсом, не смотря на то, что результат, мог бы оказаться и весьма полезным. Таким образом, чтобы использовать новый объект с существующем интерфейсом, программисту приходится писать “переходник”, преобразующий объект к типу, на который рассчитан интерфейс. А применение “переходника” требует, в свою очередь, перекомпиляции части или даже всего приложения целиком. Доминирующий в настоящее время способ распространения ПО в виде двоичных файлов делает этот подход невозможным.
Чтобы оценить преимущества бес типового языка программирования, рассмотрим следующий пример на языке Tcl:
Button .b –text Hello! -font {Times 16} – command {puts hello} .
Эта команда создает на экране новую кнопку с надписью на ней Hello! шрифтом Times 16 пунктов, при нажатии, на которую выводится короткое сообщение hello . В одной строке здесь уместилось шесть элементов различных типов: название команды (button), название кнопки (. b), идентификаторы атрибутов (-text, -font, -command), простые строки (Hello! hello), спецификация шрифта (Times 16), состоящая из названия начертания (Times) и размера в пунктах (16), а также целый Tcl-сценарий (puts hello). Все элементы представляются единообразно – в виде строк. В данном примере атрибуты могли быть перечислены в произвольном порядке, а неупомянутым атрибутам (их насчитывается более 20) будут присвоены значения по умолчанию.
В случае реализации на Java тот же самый пример потребовал бы семи строк кода, составляющих два метода. Для С++ с использованием библиотеки Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC) масштабы увеличились примерно до 25 строк кода, образующих три процедуры. Один только выбор шрифта требует нескольких обращении к функциямMFC
Cfont *fontPtr=new Cront ();
fontPtr->Crete Font (16, 0, 0, 0, 700,
0, 0, 0, ANSI_CHARSET,
OUT_DEFAULT_PRECIS,
CLIP_DEFAULT_PRECIS,
DEFAULT_QUALITY,
DEFAULT_PITCH|
FF_DONTCARE,
“Times New Roman”);
buttonPtr->SetFont(fontPtr);
Можно было бы обойтись без значительной части этого кода, если бы не строгая типизация. Чтобы задать шрифт для кнопки, необходимо обратиться к методу Set Font; однако он требует передачи в качестве аргумента указателя на объект Cfont. Приходиться объявлять и инициализировать новый объект. Инициализацию объекта Cfont выполняет его метод Create Font, который имеет жесткий интерфейс, требующий задания 14 различных аргументов. В TCL существенные характеристики шрифта (начертание Times и кегль 16 пунктов) могут быть указаны непосредственно без каких-либо объявлений или преобразовании. Более того, TCL позволяет описать и поведение кнопки непосредственно в теле создающей ее команды, тогда как в С++ или Java для этого необходим отдельный метод.
]]> Статьи http://www.csom.ru?id=2595 Wed, 14 Jan 2009 21:29:28 GMT Современные компьютеры устроены таким образом, что им не известно понятие типа. Каждое слово памяти может содержать значение любого типа; целое число, число с плавающей запятой, указатель или машинную команду. Интерпретация значения определяется способом его использования. Если указатель следующей машинной команды указывает в процессе исполнения машинной команды на некоторое слово в памяти, то оно и рассматривается как команда; если адрес слова задан в параметрах команды целочисленного сложения, то его значение и обрабатывается как целое число; и т. д. Одно и то же слово памяти может использоваться в различных случаях разными способами.
В противоположность этому для современных языков программирования характерна строгая типизация. Каждая переменная в языке программирования системного уровня должна быть объявлена с указанием конкретного типа, такого как целое число или указатель на строку символов, и затем использоваться только соответствующими этому типу способами.
Данные и программный код разделены; создание нового кода по ходу исполнения программы затруднено, если вообще возможно. Переменные могут объединяться в структуры или объекты с четко определенной субструктурой и методами манипулирования своими компонентами. Объект одного типа не может быть использован в ситуации, где предписано применение объект другого типа.
Языки описания сценариев создавались для связывания готовых программ. Их применение подразумевает наличие достаточного ассортимента мощных компонентов, которые требуется только объединить друг с другом.
Типизация дает ряд преимуществ. Во-первых, крупные программы становятся благодаря ей более управляемыми. Четкость системы типов делает для программиста ясным, для чего предназначены те или иные данные; он легко может различать их между собой и соответственно использовать. Во-вторых, компиляторы используют информацию о типах для обнаружения некоторых видов ошибок, таких как попытка, использовать число с плавающей запятой в качестве указателя. В-третьих, типизация повышает производительность приложения, позволяя компиляторам генерировать более специализированный код. Например, если компилятору известно, что некоторая переменная всегда содержит целочисленные значения, он может генерировать для манипулирования ею целочисленные инструкции; если же тип переменой компилятору неизвестен, то приходиться вставлять дополнительные инструкции для проверки типа во время исполнения.]]> Статьи http://www.csom.ru?id=2594 Wed, 14 Jan 2009 21:29:10 GMT Языки программирования системного уровня отличаются от ассемблеров, во-первых, тем, что они являются более высокоуровневыми, и, во-вторых, используют более строгий контроль типов. Термин “высокоуровневый” означает следующее: многие детали обрабатываются автоматически, а программисту для создания своего приложения приходится писать меньшее количество строк. В частности:
Распределением регистров занимается компилятор, так что программисту не надо писать код, обеспечивающий перемещение данных между регистрами и памятью;
Последовательности вызова процедур генерируются автоматически; программисту нет необходимости описывать помещение аргументов функции в стек и их извлечение оттуда;
Для описания структур управления программист может использовать также ключевые слова, как if, while; последовательности машинных команд, соответствующие этим описаниям компилятор генерирует динамически.
]]> Статьи http://www.csom.ru?id=2593 Wed, 14 Jan 2009 21:28:37 GMT К концу 50-х годов начали появляться языки программирования более высокого уровня, такие как Lisp, Fortran, ALGOL. В них уже не было точного соответствия между языковыми конструкциями и машинными командами. Преобразование строк исходного кода в последовательности двоичных команд осуществлялось компилятором. Со временем их число пополнилось языками PL /1, Pascal, C, C++, Java. Все они менее эффективно используют аппаратуру по сравнению с языками ассемблера, но позволяет быстрее создавать приложения. В результате им удалось практически полностью вытеснить языки ассемблера при создании крупных приложений.
]]> Статьи http://www.csom.ru?id=2592 Wed, 14 Jan 2009 21:25:22 GMT • java.lang -- базовый набор типов, отраженных в самом языке. Этот пакет обязательно входит в состав любого приложения. Содержит описания классов Object и Class, а также поддержку многопотоковости, исключительных ситуаций, оболочку для базовых типов, а также некоторые фундаментальные классы.
• java.io -- потоки и файлы произвольного доступа. Аналог библиотеки стандартного ввода-вывода системы UNIX. В библиотеке классов java.io собраны классы, имеющие отношение к вводу и выводу данных через потоки. С использованием этих классов можно работать не только с потоками байт, но также и с потоками данных других типов, например числами int или текстовыми строками.
• java.net -- поддержка сетевого доступа (sockets, telnet, URL). Язык программирования Java разрабатывался в предположении, что им будут пользоваться для создания сетевых приложений. Поэтому было бы странно, если бы в составе среды разработки приложений Java не поставлялась библиотека классов для работы в сети. Библиотека классов java.net предназначена как раз для этого. Она содержит классы, с помощью которых можно работать с универсальными сетевыми адресами URL, передавать данные с использованием сокетов TCP и UDP, выполнять различные операции с адресами IP. Эта библиотека содержит также классы для выполнения преобразований двоичных данных в текстовый формат, что часто бывает необходимо.
• java.util -- классы-контейнеры (Dictionary, HashTable, Stack) и некоторые другие утилиты. Кодирование и декодирование. Классы Date и Time. Библиотека классов java.util очень полезна при составлении приложений, потому что в ней имеются классы для создания таких структур, как динамические массивы, стеки и словари. Есть классы для работы с генератором псевдослучайных чисел, для разбора строк на составляющие элементы (токены), для работы с календарной датой и временем.
• java.awt -- AWT - это сокращение от Abstract Window Toolkit (инструментарий для работы с абстрактными окнами). Содержит базовые компоненты интерфейса, такие как события, цвета, фонты. Для создания пользовательского интерфейса аплеты Java могут и должны использовать библиотеку классов java.awt. Классы, входящие в состав библиотеки java.awt, предоставляют возможность создания пользовательского интерфейса способом, не зависящим от платформы, на которой выполняется апплет Java. Можно создавать обычные окна и диалоговые панели, кнопки, переключатели, списки, меню, полосы просмотра, однострочные и многострочные поля для ввода текстовой информации.
• java.applet -- библиотека классов java.applet инкапсулирует поведение апплетов Java. При создании апплетов, требуется класс Applet, расположенный в этой библиотеке классов. Дополнительно в библиотеке классов java.applet определены интерфейсы для подключения апплетов к содержащим их документам и классы для проигрывания звуковых фрагментов.
]]> Статьи http://www.csom.ru?id=2590 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 16:05:11 GMT Класс есть языковая конструкция, определяющая поля данных объектов данного класса (instance variables) и их поведение (methods). Практически класс в Java сам по себе не является объектом. Это лишь шаблон, который определяет, из каких частей будет состоять объект, созданный с помощью этого класса, и как он будет себя вести.
Простейший пример описания класса
class Point extends Object {
public double x;
public double y;
}
Создание объекта определенного класса
Создать объект описанного выше класса можно декларацией
Point myPoint; // объявление переменной типа Point
myPoint = new Point(); // инициализация,
а обратиться к полям данных следующим образом
myPoint.x = 10.0;
myPoint.y = 25.7;

Конструкторы
При объявлении класса возможно указать методы специального вида, называемые конструкторами и предназначенные для инициализации созданного объекта. Имя этих методов должно совпадать с именем класса, они могут иметь какое-то количество аргументов, например:
class Point extends Object {
Point() {
x = 0.0;
y = 0.0;
}
Point(double x, double y) {
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
}
public double x;
public double y;
}
а использованы они могут быть следующим образом
Point a;
Point b;
a = new Point();
b = new Point(1.0, 2.0);
Имя this в определении конструктора с аргументами используется для обозначения самого объекта, в методе которого мы находимся, в тех случаях, когда ссылка на этот объект не подразумевается неявно.
Методы и посылка сообщений
Если один объект в программе заставляет другой выполнить какую-то операцию, то принято говорить, что он посылает сообщение другому объекту. Например, можно переопределить класс следующим образом:
Pclass Point extends Object {
private double x;
private double y;
public void setX(double x) {
this.x = x;
}
public void setY(double y) {
this.y = y;
}
...
}
Поля x и y теперь недоступны извне класса, но для изменения их состояния предусмотреys специальные методы setX и setY.

Финализаторы
Специальное имя finalize зарезервировано для метода, который будет вызван сборщиком мусора перед тем, как объект будет уничтожен. В силу того, что Java освобождает разработчиков от необходимости самим следить за освобождением памяти, занимаемой объектами, необходимость в таких методах обычно возникает лишь тогда, когда надо освободить какие-то внешние ресурсы, например, закрыть открытый файл:

protected void finalize() {
try {
file.close();
} catch (Exception e) {
}
}

Производные классы
Наследование классов позволяет создавать новые типы объектов, эффективно использующие функциональность уже существующих типов. Новый тип обычно называется производным классом, а тот, чьи свойства наследуются -- базовым классом.
Например, можно описать новый класс, соответствующий координатам точки в трехмерном пространстве, на основе уже описанного класса для точки на плоскости.
class ThreePoint extends Point {
protected double z;
ThreePoint() {
super();
z = 0.0;
}
ThreePoint(double x, double y, double z) {
super(x, y);
this.z = z;
}
}
Здесь была добавлена новая координату z, а поля x и y (и методы доступа к ним) унаследовали от класса Point.

Контроль доступа
Контроль доступа к данным и методам объекта в Java несколько отличается от С++. Помимо трех уровней доступа, имеющихся в С++ (public, private, protected) имеется четвертый, находящийся где-то между уровнями public и protected. Он не имеет имени и используется по умолчанию, когда явно не указан другой уровень. Поля этого типа доступны внутри только одного программного пакета. Пакет представляет группу классов, объединенных в одну логическую группу. Например, классы, описывающие точку и прямоугольник в графическом пакете, могут иметь прямой доступ к полям данных друг друга, запрещенный обычно для остального мира.
Также следует отметить, что контроль доступа в C++ помогает программисту лишь при построении программы. Различия между полями, помеченными public и private, отсутствуют в выполняемом модуле, созданном с использованием этого языка. В Java контроль доступа реален, т.к. он осуществляется не только при компиляции, но и непосредственно перед запуском кодов на выполнение виртуальной машиной.

Переменные и методы класса
Как и С++ язык Java позволяет использовать переменные и методы, принадлежащие классу целиком. Для определения их используется ключевое слово static. Естественно, что методы самого класса не могут оперировать данными и методами объекта класса, т.к. они не относятся ни к какому определенному объекту. Например, версия реализации класса Rectangle может быть задана следующим образом:
class Rectangle extends Object {
static final int version = 2 ;
static final int revision = 0 ;
}
Ключевое слово final означает, что значение поля окончательное и изменению не подлежит (это константа).

Абстрактные методы
Абстрактные методы -- это методы, для которых в данном классе не определена их реализация. Мы указываем лишь на необходимость наличия методов с данным протоколом. Конкретная реализация должна быть осуществлена классами-наследниками. В то же время остальная, "неабстрактная" часть класса может содержать конкретную информацию, которая может быть использована производными классами.
Например:
abstract class Graphical extends Object
{
protected Point lowerLeft;
protected Point upperRight;
...
public void setPosition(Point ll, Point ur)
{ lowerLeft = ll;
upperRight = ur;
}
abstract void drawMyself();
}
class Rectangle extends Graphical
{ void drawMyself()
{ ....
}
}
Здесь был описан класс Graphical. В нем объявлено свойство всех графических элементов иметь какое-то положение на плоскости. Каждый элемент обязан также иметь метод для рисования самого себя, однако никакого метода рисования по умолчанию быть не может. Класс Rectangle, представляющий собой конкретную реализацию для типа Graphical, реализует также этот метода для объекта прямоугольной формы.
Класс, содержащий хотя бы один абстрактный метод, должен быть объявлен как абстрактный. Создание экземпляров такого класса невозможно.
]]> Статьи http://www.csom.ru?id=2589 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 16:05:00 GMT if-else
В обобщенной форме этот оператор записывается следующим образом:
if (логическое выражение) оператор1; [ else оператор2;]
Раздел else необязателен. На месте любого из операторов может стоять составной оператор, заключенный в фигурные скобки. Логическое выражение — это любое выражение, возвращающее значение типа boolean.
А вот полная программа, в которой для определения, к какому времени года относится тот или иной месяц, используются операторы if-else.
class IfElse {
public static void main(String args[]) { int month = 4;
String season;
if (month == 12 || month == 1 || month == 2) {
season = "Winter";
} else if (month ==3 || month == 4 || month == 5) {
season = "Spring";
} else if (month == 6 || month == 7 || month == 8) {
season = "Summer";
} else if (month == 9 || month == 10 || month == 11) {
season = "Autumn";
} else {
season = "Bogus Month";
}
System.out.println( "April is in the " + season + ".");
} }

После выполнения программы вы должны получить следующий результат:
С: \> java IfElse
April is in the Spring.

switch

Оператор switch обеспечивает ясный способ переключения между различными частями программного кода в зависимости от значения одной переменной или выражения. Общая форма этого оператора такова:
switch ( выражение ) { case значение1:
break;
case значение2:
break;
case значением:
break;
default:
}
Результатом вычисления выражения может быть значение любого простого типа, при этом каждое из значений, указанных в операторах case, должно быть совместимо по типу с выражением в операторе switch. Все эти значения должны быть уникальными литералами. Если же вы укажете в двух операторах case одинаковые значения, транслятор выдаст сообщение об ошибке.

Циклы
Любой цикл можно разделить на 4 части — инициализацию, тело, итерацию и условие завершения. В Java есть три циклические конструкции: while (с пред-условием), do-while (с постусловием) и for (с параметровм).
while
Этот цикл многократно выполняется до тех пор, пока значение логического выражения равно true. Ниже приведена общая форма оператора while:
[ инициализация; ]
while ( завершение ) {
тело;
[итерация;] }
Инициализация и итерация необязательны. Ниже приведен пример цикла while для печати десяти строк «tick».
class WhileDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int n = 10;
while (n > 0) {
System.out.println("tick " + n);
n--;
}
} }
do-while
Иногда возникает потребность выполнить тело цикла по крайней мере один раз — даже в том случае, когда логическое выражение с самого на­чала принимает значение false. Для таких случаев в Java используется циклическая конструкция do-while. Ее общая форма записи такова:
[ инициализация; ] do { тело; [итерация;] } while ( завершение );
В следующем примере тело цикла выполняется до первой проверки условия завершения. Это позволяет совместить код итерации с условием завершения:
class DoWhile {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int n = 10;
do {
System.out.println("tick " + n);
} while (--n > 0);
} }
for
В этом операторе предусмотрены места для всех четырех частей цикла. Ниже приведена общая форма оператора записи for.
for ( инициализация; завершение; итерация ) тело;
Любой цикл, записанный с помо­щью оператора for, можно записать в виде цикла while, и наоборот. Если начальные условия таковы, что при входе в цикл условие за­вершения не выполнено, то операторы тела и итерации не выполняются ни одного раза. В каноническая форме цикла for происходит увеличение целого значения счетчика с минимального значения до определенного предела.
class ForDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
System.out.println("i = " + i);
} }
Следующий пример — вариант программы, ведущей обратный отсчет.
class ForTick {
public static void main(String args[]) {
for (int n = 10; n > 0; n--)
System.out.println("tick " + n);
} }

continue
В некоторых ситуациях возникает потребность досрочно перейти к выполнению следующей итерации, проигнорировав часть операторов тела цикла, еще не выполненных в текущей итерации. Для этой цели в Java предусмотрен оператор continue. Ниже приведен пример, в котором оператор continue используется для того, чтобы в каждой строке печатались два числа.
class ContinueDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
for (int i=0; i < 10; i++) {
System.out.print(i + " ");
if (i % 2 == 0) continue;
System.out.println("");
}
}}
Если индекс четный, цикл продолжается без вывода символа новой строки.
Результат выполнения этой программы таков:
С: \> java ContinueDemo
0 1
2 3
4 5
5 7
8 9
]]> Статьи http://www.csom.ru?id=2588 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 16:03:25 GMT Опыт показывает, что отсутствие стандартных базовых библиотек для языка С++ чрезвычайно затрудняет работу с ним. В силу того, что любое нетривиальное приложение требует наличия некоторого набора базовых классов, разработчикам приходится пользоваться различными несовместимыми между собой библиотеками или писать свой собственный вариант такого набора. Все это затрудняет как разработку, так и дальнейшую поддержку приложений, затрудняет стыковку приложений, написанных разными людьми.
]]> Статьи http://www.csom.ru?id=2587 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 16:03:23 GMT public class HelloJava
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println("Hello, Java!");
} }
Язык Java требует, чтобы весь программный код был заключен внутри поименованных классов. Приведенный выше текст примера надо записать в файл HelloJava.java. Обязательно соответствие прописных букв в имени файла тому же в названии содержащегося в нем класса. Для того, чтобы оттранслировать этот пример необходимо запустить транслятор Java — javac, указав в качестве параметра имя файла с исходным текстом:
С: \> javac HelloJava.Java
Транслятор создаст файл HelloJava.class с независимым от процессора байт-кодом примера. Для того, чтобы исполнить полученный код, необходимо иметь среду времени выполнения языка Java (программа java), в которую надо загрузить новый класс для исполнения. Важно то, что в качестве параметра указывается имя класса, а не имя файла, в котором этот класс содержится, т.е. расширение class не указывается.
С: > java HelloJava
Если всё прошло успешно, т.е. если ни транслятор, ни интерпретатор не выдал сообщения об ошибке, то на экране появится строка Hello, Java!
Конечно, HelloJava — это тривиальный пример. Однако даже такая простая программа знакомит с массой понятий и деталей синтаксиса языка.
Строка 1
public class HelloJava
В этой строке определен один класс типа public с именем HelloJava. Полное описание класса располагается между открывающей фигурной скобкой во второй строке и парной ей закрывающей фигурной скобкой в строке 7.Заметим, что исходный файл приложения Java может содержать только один класс public, причем имя файла должно в точности совпадать с именем такого класса. В данном случае исходный файл называется HelloJava.java. Если назвать файл helloJava.java, транслятор выдаст сообщение об ошибке. И ещё если класс типа public с именем, совпадающем с именем файла, содержит определение метода main, то такой метод служит точкой входа автономного приложения Java. В этом он напоминает функцию main обычной программы, составленной на языке программирования C.
Строка 3
public static void main(String args [])
Такая большая длина строки является следствием важного требования, заложенного при разработке языка Java. Дело в том, что в Java отсутствуют глобальные функции. Рассмотрим каждый элемент третьей строки.
public
Это — модификатор доступа, который позволяет программисту управлять видимостью любого метода и любой переменной. В данном случае модификатор доступа public означает, что метод main виден и доступен любому классу.
static
Следующее ключевое слово — static. С помощью этого слова объявляются методы и переменные класса, используемые для работы с классом в целом. Методы, в объявлении которых использовано ключевое слово static, могут непосредственно работать только с локальными и статическими переменными.
void
Нужно просто вывести на экран строку, а возвращать значение из метода main не требуется. Именно поэтому и был использован модификатор void.
main
Все существующие реализации Java-интерпретаторов, получив команду интерпретировать класс, начинают свою работу с вызова метода main. Java-транслятор может оттранслировать класс, в котором нет метода main. А вот Java-интерпретатор запускать классы без метода main не умеет.
Все параметры, которые нужно передать методу, указываются внутри пары круглых скобок в виде списка элементов, разделенных символами ";" (точка с запятой). Каждый элемент списка параметров состоит из разделенных пробелом типа и идентификатора. Даже если у метода нет параметров, после его имени все равно нужно поставить пару круглых скобок. В данном примере у метода main только один параметр. Элемент String args[] объявляет параметр с именем args, который является массивом объектов — представителей класса String. Квадратные скобки говорят о том, что мы имеем дело с массивом, а не с одиночным элементом указанного типа. Тип String — это класс.
Строка 5
System.out.println("Hello, Java!");
В этой строке выполняется метод println объекта out. Объект out объявлен в классе OutputStream и статически инициализируется в классе System. Закрывающей фигурной скобкой в строке 6 заканчивается объявление метода main, а такая же скобка в строке 7 завершает объявление класса HelloJava.
]]> Статьи http://www.csom.ru?id=2586 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 16:01:38 GMT import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
public class HelloJavaApplet extends Applet
{
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
g.drawString("Hello, Java!", 20, 20);
}
}
Апплет начинается двумя строками, которые подключают оператором import все классы иерархий java.applet и java.awt. библиотека java.applet содержит классы, необходимые для создания апплетов, а с помощью библиотеки java.awt апплет может выполнять в своем окне рисование различных изображений или текста. Далее в исходном тексте апплета определяется класс типа public с именем HelloJavaApplet. Это имя должно обязательно совпадать с именем файла, содержащего исходный текст этого класса.
Определенный класс HelloJavaApplet с помощью ключевого слова extends наследуется от класса Applet. При этом методам класса HelloApplet становятся доступными все методы и данные класса, за исключением определенных как private. Класс Applet определен в библиотеке классов java.applet, которую мы подключили оператором import.
Дальше присутствует метод paint, замещающий одноименный метод класса Applet. При вызове этого метода ему передается аргумент, содержащий ссылку на объект класса Graphics. Последний используется для прорисовки нашего апплета. С помощью метода drawString, вызываемого с этим объектом типа Graphics, в позиции экрана (20,20) выводится строка “Hello, Java!”.
Далее, как и в случае Java приложения транслируем содержимое файла HelloJavaApplet.java транслятором javac.exe, получая тем самым байт-код апплета в файле HelloJavaApplet.class. Следующим этапом требуется встроить апплет в HTML документ, который будет в последствии загружен в браузер. Встраивание апплетов происходит с использованием тегов <APPLET> и </APPLET>. Нужно создать файл HelloJavaApplet.html со следующим минимальным содержимым:
<applet code="HelloJavaApplet" width="500" height="600" >
</applet>
CODE — обязательный атрибут, задающий имя файла, в котором содержится оттранслированный код апплета.
WIDTH и HEIGHT — обязательные атрибуты, задающие начальный размер видимой области апплета.
Далее следует поместить файлы HelloJavaApplet.html и HelloJavaApplet.class в один каталог и открыть первый в любом браузере, в который встроена Виртуальная Машина Java на любой платформе. При открытии произойдёт так называемая компиляция "на лету" и апплет будет запущен.
]]> Статьи http://www.csom.ru?id=2585 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 16:01:38 GMT • Самостоятельные программы (назовём их приложения Java), работающие независимо на локальном компьютере.
• Апплеты (applets), работающие в Internet.
В настоящее время работа Java поддерживается всеми основными компьютерными платформами. Самостоятельное приложение, предназначенное для автономной работы, компилируется и выполняется на локальной машине под управлением системы времени выполнения Java. Java вполне подходит для написания приложений, которые с тем же успехом могли быть написаны на С, С++, Basic, Delphi или любом другом языке программирования.
Апплеты, которые и обеспечивают этому языку его популярность представляют собой разновидность приложений Java, которые интерпретируются Виртуальной Машиной Java, встроенной практически во все современные браузеры.
Каждый апплет — это небольшая программа, динамически загружаемая по сети с Web сервера при открытии в браузере HTML страницы, в которой имеется ссылка на апплет — точно так же, как картинка, звуковой файл или элемент мультипликации. Главная особенность апплетов заключается в том, что они являются настоящими программами, а не очередным форматом файлов для хранения мультфильмов или какой-либо другой информации. Апплет не просто проигрывает один и тот же сценарий, а реагирует на действия пользователя и может динамически менять свое поведение. С помощью апплетов вы можете сделать страницы сервера Web динамичными и интерактивными. Апплеты позволяют выполнять сложную локальную обработку данных, полученных от сервера Web или введенных пользователем с клавиатуры. Для повышения производительности апплетов в браузерах используется компиляция "на лету"- Just-In-Time compilation (JIT). При первой загрузке аплета его код транслируется в обычную исполнимую программу, которая сохраняется на диске и запускается. В результате общая скорость выполнения аплета Java увеличивается в несколько раз. Из соображений безопасности апплеты (в отличие от обычных приложений Java) не имеют никакого доступа к файловой системе локального компьютера. Все данные для обработки они могут получить только от сервера Web.
]]> Статьи http://www.csom.ru?id=2584 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 16:00:20 GMT Статьи http://www.csom.ru?id=2583 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 16:00:18 GMT
Volume Up (25%) (Increase Volume (by 25%)) - to increase the loudness of sound file to the current 25%;
Reduce the volume (Decrease Volume) - reduce the volume of audio files;
Increase speed (100%) (Increase Speed (by 100%)) - to increase the playback speed by 100%;
Reduce speed (Decrease Speed) - reduce the playback speed;
Add Echo (Add Echo) - add effects «Echo»;
Draw (Reverse) - «call» sound recordings, in other words, rewrite the soundtrack in reverse order.
NOTE
All of the above transactions are available only if the edited sound file is not compressed, that is, you see a green line in the window display recording. Otherwise, you modify the sound will not be possible.

Remove part of a sound file
To remove some of the audio file, move the slider start playing in the position corresponding to the beginning of the fragment removed, and click Delete after current position (Delete After Current Position) command Edit menu (Edit). All the audio track from the current position until the end of the file will be deleted. To remove the beginning of audio, such as «empty» interval before a song, move the slider play in the position where the sound appears, and click Delete to the current position (Delete Before Current Position) command Edit menu. The entire soundtrack to this position will be destroyed.

Mixing several records
If you want a sound place to another and to their consistent play, move the slider in the position where the wish «paste» another file, please click the Edit-> Insert file (Edit-> Insert File) and the opened window, point the way to imported audio clip.

Similarly, the mixing of two audio files is done - «confusion» two tapes into one. To do so, click Edit-> Mix with a file (Edit-> Mix with File) to open the window to indicate the program path, is added to the current.

The program phonograph package Windows XP allows you to mix (mix) from the current audio sound files are stored in the clipboard. To do this, place the regulator play in the position corresponding to the beginning of mikshiruemogo station recordings, and then click Edit-> mixed with a buffer (Edit-> Mix with Clipboard).

All of the above, it becomes apparent that the program phonograph allows import and export of various audio via the clipboard. An audio snippet can be placed in the buffer using the Edit-> Copy (Edit-> Copy), and summoned from the Edit-> Paste (Edit-> Paste).

Changing the format sound file
By default the phonograph stores audio format WAV, which is recognized by many other applications that work with sound files. However, it is possible situation in which you'll need to save the audio file in a different format. To do so, click File-> Properties (File-> Properties) to open the box sound (Properties for Sound) to choose from the menu Quality (Format Conversion) the desired mode conversion file: Recording formats (Recording Formats) - recording format or formats playback (Playback Formats) - formats for playback. Clicking Convert (Convert Now) displays the dialog box Choice audio (Sound Selection), where you can choose to convert audio files.

In the top of Choice sound is the menu of Title (Name), which provides ready-to-use standard versions of the digitization of sound. Each option has its own set of attributes, such as the frequency of the alarm, the number of playback channels and others. Among the options for digitizing the following:

The CD-ROM (Audio CD) - the best quality stereo digitization, the sounding audio CD;
Radiotranslyatsiya (Radio) - mono sound of average quality;
Telephone line (Phone line) - the most poor quality audio recording, monaural format.
You can add your own versions of digitization, put the correct values in the Format menu (Format) and attributes (Attributes), and then clicking on the button Save As (Save As), and specifying a new value menu. Unused format digitization is removed by pressing Delete (Remove).

Format menu (Format) contains a list of file formats, which can transform the current record, among them - the most common file formats, such as PCM and MP3 (MPEG Layer 3). Finally, the menu Attributes (Attributes) makes it possible to manage the qualitative parameters of the conversion file, such as the number of audio channels (mono / stereo), bitrate and frequency (speed audio). Transcoding the file begins to click OK.
]]> English version http://www.csom.ru?id=2582 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 15:56:30 GMT Before we begin the detailed examination of the files and folders, you must define the terminology we use. So, the file is called a certain amount of the same type of information stored on a tangible medium, and has its own name and extension. The file extension is designed for the unique and comprehensive identification of the type of file object, it is written right of the file name and is separated from his point. In this case, a file type of object - it is functional characteristics file, which the operating system determines the set of programs that can handle or use this file. If we consider the example of an abstract file readme.txt, it is the file name is a string readme, and its expansion - a symbol. Txt, which indicates that the file object belongs to the type of «text file» and can not be processed use any text editor such as Notepad program standard package Windows Vista.

According to established practice, divided the diversity of today files into several different classes based on their functional use. The first of these classes are the so-called user files - text documents, images, web pages and other file objects created by the computer for any particular purpose or for their own benefit. For these files, the user can assign arbitrary names, however, adopted in Windows Vista standard. Extensions of user files are usually automatically assigns them to programs in which these files are created either manually specify the user based on the type of each file and object to its further application. The second class system files - the files used by the operating system in its work. The names and expand these files predefined developers Windows Vista, and any change can potentially lead to a breach of efficiency Windows. The third class includes program files that are used in their work installed on your computer software. Their names and expand appointed by the developers of the programs. As mentioned above, file objects taken as classified by their types in accordance with a set of applications that can handle these files - in particular, to different types of files include text documents, documents, Microsoft Word, files (files containing any short data), executable files (files that can be run in the operating system in the program), etc.

File names in the operating system Microsoft Windows Vista can be recorded using numbers, symbols or national Latin alphabets, the sign «hyphen». Allowed the recording of names in the header, and in line register. Limit the length of the filename, taking into account the gaps and expansion could not be more than 255 characters. File names should not contain the following characters: \ /: *? "<|> [] ().

Permitted but not encouraged to use symbols «gap», «emphasis», «point», «point», «a semicolon», «apostrophe», as well as: ^! @ # $% & ~. Since these characters are for a system of «official» and Windows interprets them a special way, they should not be used without extreme necessity. It is not allowed to start the file name from a character point (in which case the entire text, which is located in point, the system interprets as the file extension in the absence of his name). If the first character in the file name is blank, Windows ignores it.

Files in Windows Vista displayed using special graphic images, called icons. Exterior icons depends on the type of file they object.

Folder in the operating system Microsoft Windows Vista called a special file object, which serves as a container for storing other folders or files, and displayed with a special icon with a kind of office folders. The names of all custom folders are appointed under regulations similar to the terms of naming other file objects. Keep in mind that changing the names of system and program folders or files can lead to a breach of efficiency of operating system or application software.


Attributes file objects
Each file or folder in Microsoft Windows Vista may have its own set of attributes that point to any of the possible uses of the file object. By default, there are three basic attribute of files and folders:

Read-only (Read Only) - a regime to protect files from accidental changes, edit or destroy information stored in it. If the file or folder mode «Read-only», write to them would be impossible;
Archive (Archive) - attribute of a file or folder, indicating that the object is subject to a file compression and its content can be compressed using special programs. It should be borne in mind that if you change this setting for a group of objects attribute may be unavailable in the event of the selected files from the array to be back up and the other part-no;
Quiet (Hidden) - parameter, indicating that the file object is hidden and under normal conditions in the operating sistemeWindows Vista will not be. Hidden files and folders can not use, modify, or open, if not know their name. This attribute is normally used to protect facilities from accidental file deletion.
Attributes are assigned to each file objects are identified in Windows using a special set of symbols: R - attribute «Read-only», H - attribute «Quiet», A - attribute «Archive». The list of attributes assigned to a file or folder, you can see in the Windows Explorer file manager Attributes: For example, if a file object in this field is displayed symbol RHA, it means that the file is hidden, archive and open only for reading, and if however, the designation is formulated as RA, hence, the file is open only on reading and an archive.

Change attributes a file or folder can be read as follows: click the File object, right-click and the menu that appears, click Properties. At the bottom of the opened window properties of a file or folder you'll see a list of appointees to the file object attributes. The appointment or removing attributes of files or folders implemented method of installation or reset the appropriate boxes.

In Microsoft Windows Vista in addition to the above attributes of file objects distinguish two additional defined itself file system:

Compressed (Compressed) - a file or folder is compressed software NTFS;
Encrypted (Encrypted) - a file or folder is encrypted using encryption algorithms internal NTFS.
Access to data management attributes file objects carried out by clicking the Advanced button in the General tab window properties file or folder.

Owner of file objects
Because Microsoft Windows Vista operating system is a multiplayer, this OS is actively used the concept of owner file object. The owner of a file or folder in the Windows environment is a user who created this file object and managing rights and permissions for the object, or can delegate those rights to other users of the operating system. If the file object was created automatically any program or the operating system, it appointed a general right of access (site accessible to all users of Windows), or the owner becomes the user, using an account that was set up this file object.

Association of file objects
By default in Windows Vista, double-click on a file leads to launch the associated application that uses this type of file. For example, if you double-click your mouse on the icon, a text document with the expansion. Doc, the system automatically starts a text editor Microsoft Word and download a document of your choice. This means that all files with the extension associated with the Windows Vista program winword.exe.

What you may need to change the file association objects? The most common case - the parallel use in several programs, working with the same type of files. For example, Windows Vista, all the Web pages that are expanding. Html or. Htm, the default program download Internet Explorer. Suppose that you want to use to browse the browser Firefox. To ensure that when double-clicking on the label web pages trigger precisely this application, you need to change the program association for files with extensions. Html and. Htm.

Another situation - an unknown type of operating system files, to show that Windows can not pick up the program. For example, the combined supply of many Russian-language applications often has a file readme.rus, which actually represents a normal text document containing a description of the program in Russian. For when you double-clicking on the label of such a file, Windows automatically uploading it in a text editor, you must create a new file type. Rus and associate it with Notepad.

To change the association of a file or add to the table a new association, is not yet known type of operating system files if Windows did not do so automatically, you must click on the icon of the file, right mouse button, to open the context menu, select Properties. A window will appear properties of the selected file object open on the General tab. Click Edit right of the caption application to open the window Choice program, click on a proposed list of programs, or select the desired program manually by clicking on the Browse button at the bottom of the window. For the system to «remember» a new association, check the box next to use the selected program to all files of this type.

Explorer Program
In addition to customize the files and folders, you can change the parameters of the Explorer program - these settings can change the display settings file objects and to optimize the program interface.

In order to display the various panels in the Explorer window, use Sort-> Layout. If you select this menu item Menu Bar, then at the top of the Explorer window displays the command bar, which opens access to additional settings.

Access Program can be obtained using a menu command sort-> Properties folders and search. In the dialog box appears Properties folder, open on the General tab.

Section Objectives enable or disable the presentation folders in the form of Web pages. If the item display samples, filters, in the Explorer window, you'll see a menu command, as well as support and information panels. In «classic» submission, that is the way they looked in Microsoft Windows 9X/2000, folders are displayed when selecting the item the usual folder Windows.

Under Browsing folders can be controlled using open nested folders to see: if the call to open the folder in the same window, each new folder will open in the same window as the previous one, and when to open each folder in a separate window for each folder to which you are requesting, will open a separate window Explorer.

Under clicking, you can configure the arrangement of objects in the revitalization of file clicking on their icon. In particular, the regime to open a double, and provide one-click includes «standard» mechanism of working with icons Windows: one click you can identify the object, double - open it or run it for execution. Using a single click Open, to allocate pointer to open site in one click, and the provision of the facility is happening, when the cursor to it. In doing so, you can install one of the two regimes display file objects: if you have selected Underscore signature icon, a signature to all the icons will be shown as underlined hyperlinks, just as presented text hyperlinks in your browser. If the mode Stress signature icon, when, text names of the icons will be highlighted only when you control over your cursor on the icon. Clicking on the button Restore Defaults returns all of the settings tab to the original condition.

Tab View Properties dialog box, folder contains a number of other settings, Explorer file manager. A detailed description of these settings below.

Restore previous folder windows at logon - every time I log on Windows will automatically open a folder windows that were not covered under the previous system shutdown;
Always display icons, rather than sketches - when you open folders, file objects will be displayed as icons, designs will not be shown;
Always show menus - to demonstrate to the top of the Explorer menu command, containing such items as File, Edit, View, Tools, Help;
Display full path in the title bar - the full path to the current directory will be displayed in the header Explorer window (for the classic presentation folders);
Run window with folders in a separate process - if checked, for the opening of each new Explorer window will be allocated a separate system process: if any of the open windows Explorer suddenly «povisnet», it can be closed by using Task Manager, while other windows will continue to operate;
Use Master sharing - if checked, when you open the shared folders on the network to your computer will use a special master;
Use checkboxes to select items - to select the file objects in the windows Explorer will be used boxes installed click;
Display drive letters - if checked, the windows of a conductor will be shown letters of disk drives;
Draw icons of files on the sketches - when viewing in the window Explorer file objects in the form of sketches will be shown a file icon;
Show handlers in the view pane view - in the Explorer pane view will be shown instant information about the selected sites and the viewing mode;
Show descriptions of folders and elements of the desktop -, when the cursor to a folder, file or icon on the desktop, the system will display a hint in a popup window;
Draw a simple kind of folders in the folder list Explorer - click on any folder in Windows Explorer lead to display all its contents, including subdirectories. When it opens all the other folders are automatically closed. You can open and close folders, and view their contents without the need for pre-close the previous folder;
Display information about the amount of file folders in the help text - the Explorer will display information about the size of the selected file object;
Show encrypted or compressed NTFS files are a different color - compressed or encrypted files stored under NTFS, will be allocated in the Explorer window color;
Remember each folder display settings - Explore will «remember» custom settings for each folder;
Hide protected operating system folder - Explorer will not display system folders and files Windows;
Hide extensions for known file types - Explorer will not show extensions for known file types system;
The section «When you enter text in the list», you can configure a way to enter text into the search box files. Finally, Section hidden files and folders can set up a regime demonstrations hidden file objects:

Do not show hidden files and folders - a file manager will not show hidden files and folders;
Show hidden files and folders - Explorer will display all the folders and files, including hidden;
If you want to change the settings were valid not only for the present but for all the folders on the drive of your computer, click Apply to folders at the top of the View tab windows Folder. Pressing the reset button type folders lead to the setting display all the folders back to its original state - the one that was installed immediately after installing Windows.
]]> English version http://www.csom.ru?id=2581 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 15:56:30 GMT
Until recently, users who choose to install on their computers, Windows 9X/2000, had to undergo optional registration procedure, which in addition to other information required to inform the center of a number of licensing Microsoft on its own. Thus, one copy of the operating system «attributed» to a specific user, sign up to its name. License users to access the most recent software updates, become a subscriber information billyuteney Microsoft reports about new products the company could benefit from a discount when buying the next version of Windows, and, finally, in the event of a problem had the opportunity to seek assistance from a service support. The buyer operating system could refuse to register and continue to use Windows in Normal mode.

Microsoft Product Activation implies a slightly different approach to «legalization» software. During installation, Windows users are invited to enter in the special field identification code, which is usually specified in the documentation for the operating system on the package a CD-ROM or in a set of documents supplied by the buyer with a new computer. Next Windows itself analyzes the user's computer hardware configuration, has consistently oprashivaya various devices and collecting data on hardware discovery, for example, hard drive serial number or processor. When scanning an analysis of only the basic hardware components, peripherals, in particular, printers, scanners, digital cameras, the analysis does not include configuration. In the process of analyzing the computer remains inviolable to all stored on discs private information and, therefore, remains fully anonymous user Windows. No details about the identity of the owner of the computer, the computer manufacturer, producing components, as well as the programs installed on the disk are not investigated and can not be transferred.

Naturally, because the mechanism of Microsoft Product Activation Windows has become more sensitive to changes in the configuration of your computer. To activate one copy of Windows can be only one personal computer. Reinstall Windows on a single computer user may be any number of times without re-activated, but only if in the process of reinstalling was not formatted the hard drive. If the hard disk has been formatted or the system is installed on a new hard drive, to repeat the activation. Reactivation is not necessary, since if the user has replaced the previous activation on your computer to all three components. When more than three components, or when buying a new computer you want to call the nearest Microsoft and indicate the need to reactivate the operating system on the phone. There are no restrictions on the replacement of peripheral devices (scanners, printers, digital photo and video cameras) is not imposed.

The procedure for activating Microsoft Windows Vista as a whole is identical to activate Windows XP, only with one exception: Activation Wizard generally does not like about yourself, and the system does not inform the user of any time has passed since the start of the 30-day trial period. Service activation did not manifest themselves until one day deadline did not expire, and then Windows simply refuses to work. That is why Windows Vista users should not forget the need to activate.

In order to activate Windows Vista, open the Center's initial setup by running the Start> All Programs> Accessories> Center Initial, and click on at the top of the window caption Show details. In the bottom of the system, you'll see information about the current state of activation of Windows Vista, the remaining number of days of the test period, below will show the product code of your OS. To begin to activate, click on the caption Activate Windows now.

Vista, click on the caption «Activate Windows now»

Connect to the Internet and in the box to activate Windows, click Activate Windows on the network, or click on the words Show other ways to activate to activate your OS on the phone. In the first case, activation will be done automatically within a few seconds when the process will be a mistake, you'll be offered an alternative way to perform activation. Overall, there are two such ways: via direct modem connection to the center activate Microsoft (direct modem dials the number nearest point of activation) or by telephone - in this case should click on the button to use an automated telephone system.

The most optimal activation with no connection to the Internet is activated by telephone. By selecting the menu in the place you live, you'll see in the window Activation Wizard free phone number with the code 8-800, which should call to activate Windows. After you answer a few questions representative of technical support Microsoft, you connect with automatic activation. Set your phone to the tone, and follow the instructions avtoovetchika enter with the phone keypad code installation. The resulting from the user's unique code installation checked in the information base of Microsoft, then you prodiktuet answering machine code (Confirmation ID), which must be entered in the appropriate fields, located at the bottom of the Activation Wizard. Since then, the operating system is considered to be activated, and the user can continue to work with her as usual.

Desk
The first acquaintance with the operating system Microsoft Windows typically begins with an examination of the main working space user - the desktop.

Those who previously have had to deal with class OS Windows 9X/ME/2000, design desktop certainly seem familiar and commonplace. At the bottom of the screen horizontally is the taskbar, where in selecting the appropriate command minimized windows open applications. The left bottom corner of the screen takes Start button, which opens access to the Windows Start menu and labels set in the program, just right is Quick Launch, which contains a number of icons used in conjunction with Windows applications and system commands. You can arbitrarily adjust the program icons are displayed in the Quick Launch.

In the lower right corner of the screen is a special area called the notification area. It displays a clock and icons of applications running in the background. At the main space of the desktop shortcuts can be installed on the disk programs that are run by double-clicking, as well as computer System icons, Network and documents. By default, the Windows desktop is displayed only basket - a special buffer folder that is used to store your files deleted. All the other icons you can put on the desktop as they wish.
]]> English version http://www.csom.ru?id=2580 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 15:56:30 GMT
Because Microsoft Windows XP is built on a multitasking architecture, is an operating system can simultaneously perform many different tasks such as processing of several documents sent by the user to print. At the same time, printer capable of printing at one time, only one document, which makes it quite slowly (if, of course, this printer is not a professional printing equipment). Thus, all documents sent to print the user from a local computer or network, arranged the operating system in place and appear on the paper one by one as the release of the printing device. Such a turn and is known in the print queue. To perform various control procedures with a print queue, there is a specialized tool Print Manager.

Call the screen window manager you can print in several different ways:

Move to Folder Printers and Faxes (Printers and Faxes) from the Control Panel folder, or Start menu, click twice (in the classic presentation of interface elements Windows) or once (in the case of web-submission interface) to sign the required printer;
if the printer has sent any task notification area displays the System Tray icon for your printer. Double click on this icon will cause the screen window manager press.
The first two of the above ways is more universal, because it allows the manager to contact the press, even if the printer is not sent at all, no problems.

CAUTION
Managing a print queue using the Task Manager is only possible for local printers that are connected directly to your computer. Changing the print queue for network printers in this way is impossible - these restrictions were imposed developers of Windows XP in order to prevent or unintended harm, which could cause another user connected to the LAN computers.

Using the interface manager print, you'll be able to fully manage the process of printing documents on your computer.
]]> English version http://www.csom.ru?id=2579 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 15:56:29 GMT
used on your computer network or local printer is temporarily unavailable;
to be printing large volumes, while you want to form a print queue in advance to proceed directly to printing at a convenient time for you;
to be printing a large amount of processing which takes a lot of system resources while you have the opportunity to highlight their advance in order to later use all the resources of other tasks.
To use the printer in Print and Hold, have done the following sequence of operations:

Navigate to the folder Printers and Faxes (Printers and Faxes) from the Control Panels or Start menu;
right-click the icon you use the default printer and select the menu that appears Hold seal the box (Use printer offline). If this setting is not on the menu printer, which means that the use of post-print on your computer, for whatever reason, it is impossible;
submit all required documents to print in normal mode;
when you decide to proceed to print documents from your queue formed, again, go to Printers and Faxes folder and reset the box Hold print on the menu printer;
wait until the press documents.
NOTE
Operating system Microsoft Windows XP «can» independently monitor the connection to a computer, printer and if the printer is not available, automatically switch to Hold Press. Recheck your printer is carried out at regular intervals. If Windows detects that you use the default printer is available again and ready for use, displayed a special box that offers to print documents. You can accept the invitation of the beginning of the press by clicking the OK button, or continue to use the printer in Print and Hold, which should click on the Cancel button (Cancel).
]]> English version http://www.csom.ru?id=2578 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 15:56:28 GMT In order to be able to dual-boot Microsoft Windows 9x/ME and Windows XP, enough to install Windows XP from Windows 9x in preserving the current version of the operating system (new treatment plant). Relevant this configuration file boot.ini will be created automatically. About how to install Windows 9x from Windows XP and saving them to disk boot record, will elaborate further.

Loading more compatible with Windows NT version
If you want to simultaneously use your computer for several versions compatible with the technology of NT operating systems like Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000 and Windows XP, enough to install Windows XP from the current version of Windows in the preservation of the current operating system (non-New installation). Relevant this configuration file boot.ini will be created automatically. If in the process of installing Windows NT/2000 boot record was destroyed, use the Recovery Console to determine the correct configuration file boot.ini.

Loading multiple versions of Windows 9x and Windows XP
Often a situation arises in which in addition to Windows XP, you need to use your computer for several earlier versions of Windows, such as Windows 98 and Windows Millennium Edition. It should be noted that, without some additional resources, this task is not trivial, since operating systems Windows 9x line write their own download files in the root of primary hard drive by default and does not allow multiple boot.

To set up the launch of multiple versions of Windows 9x in conjunction with Windows XP, you can use a boot manager of independent producers. Boot into already used your version of Windows 9x and install this program, then follow the enclosed installation My Boot Manager instructions (they are stored in a subfolder DOCS folder) that install another version of Windows 9x. Then you can proceed to install Windows XP in preserving the current version of the operating system (new treatment plant).

There are also many other similar programs that perform multiple booting Windows 9x and Windows XP. Their widest range can be found at the site, offering visitors free software.

Downloading Windows XP and Linux
Many prefer to use in conjunction with Microsoft Windows XP alternative operating systems, such as one of the realizations of a family of OS Linux. In doing so, with an objective point of view this is the most comfortable configuration multizagruzchika in which version of Linux is available to download immediately after the computer directly from the menu multiple boot Windows XP.

To configure multizagruzchik accordingly, it is necessary to act in accordance with the following algorithm. Install Linux in its own disk partition, as LILO (LInux LOader) - a special program, administering loading Linux, - in the primary sector section Linux, in other words in the SUPERBLOCK, since the installation of LILO in the MBR will inevitably destroy the boot record XP. Then, using standard tools dd package Linux or any other similar tool with similar functions, create in the top section of the main disk file Linux boot sector with a random name. By default, most utilities designate a file name or bootsect.lnx boot.lnx, but there are no standards, which require a user to apply exactly such a symbol. What was needed was to link multizagruzchik Windows XP file boot sector Linux. To do this, open for editing boot.ini, and add the section [Operating Systems] the following:

C: \ bootsect.lnx = "Linux"

NOTE

With each replacement of basic components of the system or boot sector Linux, for example, when installing a new kernel with LILO, need to re-create the file boot sector.

There are special programs that will automatically generate bootsector Linux file and add the record about it in the file boot.ini. One of them - utility BootPart produced by Gilles Vollant Software. You can download the program from a Web site developer, located at http://www.winimage.com/bootpart.htm

Downloading Windows XP and MS-DOS, Windows 95/98/Me
Operating systems of production by Microsoft, starting with versions of Windows 2000 and Windows Millennium Edition, do not support MS-DOS, because developers believe that this platform is already hopelessly outdated and its continued use is futile. Does not support MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows XP. But there is still used by a number of specialized programs that can run only in MS-DOS, in particular some of the game, a number of instances of databases and tools to work with FTN-networks. Also, there was full support for DOS operating systems Windows 95 family, including versions OSR1-OSR2.5.

The easiest option trehvariantnoy boot in Windows XP, Windows 95 and MS-DOS is the installation disc for Windows 95 and later - Windows XP. After installation is complete, click multizagruzchika a record Microsoft Windows, when choosing where to begin loading Windows 95. Click F8, you will proceed in their own menu multizagruzchika Windows 95, where you can select Boot to Previous Operating System, or Command Prompt Only, initiates the download MS-DOS. If you want to use your computer only MS-DOS and Windows XP, you must install DOS on the disc and start installing Windows XP from the command line. In both cases, the installer copies the Windows XP boot record MS-DOS / Windows 95 in a special file bootsect.dos, used the system as customizable boot sector. In doing so, multizagruzchik be configured so that multiple boot menu will appear Record Previous Operating System on C:, referring to the root of the main system drive. It should be remembered that boot records MS-DOS 5-6.22 and Windows 95/MS-DOS 7.0 somewhat different, so setting up multiple boot of the two systems can cause some difficulty.

The first versions of Windows 95 attended an error that was corrected only in versions OSR2.5. This error caused fatal system crash when you try to boot using Boot to Previous Operating System. This software defects can be corrected to read: running the car with a boot disk DOS, open the file msdos.sys to edit and add to the section [options] the following directive:

BootMulti = 1

But from an objective point of view, this approach - dvuhvariantnaya download or MS-DOS and Windows XP, or Windows 95 and Windows XP - is not always convenient. For example, you might want to trehvariantnaya direct download in MS-DOS, Windows 9x/ME and Windows XP. You can customize multizagruzchik so that he maintained a regime, however, because the MS-DOS and Windows 9x deploy its own boot records in the same disk partition, such a setup would require some effort.

Set your computer to MS-DOS (for example, the version of DOS 6.22). Now you need to create a custom boot record for the operating system: You can use special tools, in particular the program of Norton Disk Editor package Norton Utilities for DOS. Let's call this file bootsec.w40. Now install the «over» DOS Windows 9x, and then create another file to the boot sector of the system with the name bootsect.dos. Now you can begin to install Windows XP, at the end of which in the [operating systems] boot.ini file to add the following lines:

c: \ bootsec.dos = "Windows 95" / WIN95

c: \ bootsec.w40 = "MS-DOS 6.22" / WIN95DOS

Odnovariantnaya download
If you want your computer is loaded only with Microsoft Windows XP multizagruzchika bypassing the menu, go to edit the file boot.ini, in the [boot loader] record as an argument directive default path to your installation of Windows XP in the form of ARC-sequence, then change the timeout, making it equal to zero, and delete all entries in the [operating systems]. For example, if your copy of Windows XP installed in the folder C: \ Windows, and your C: drive is an IDE, boot.ini, may be as follows:

[boot loader]

timeout = 0

default = multi (0) disc (0) rdisk (0) partition (1) \ WINDOWS
]]> English version http://www.csom.ru?id=2577 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 15:48:20 GMT
Navigate to the folder where Windows stores distribution 9h or Windows Millennium, Find the it file msbatch.inf (if such a file in the distribution does not exist, create a simple text file with this name) and record it the following lines:

[Setup]

CleanBoot = 0

Now you can boot into MS-DOS and begin installing Windows 98/ME in normal mode, because the installer Windows 9x does not destroy the boot sector XP. After installation is complete, you will only edit the appropriate file boot.ini, to include the option of Startup menu in Windows 9x/ME multizagruzchika.

CAUTION
Installation of Windows 9x/ME «over» Windows XP should be implemented only in its own disk partition. Do not install an earlier version of Windows in a section where there are already stored Windows XP, and even more so - in the same system folder.

In most cases, the distribution at Windows 9x/ME is a CD-ROM that completely eliminates the ability to create files in it. Furthermore: Microsoft licensing discs contain so-called image (ISO), resulting in an attempt to copy files with such a CD to your hard disk will entail damage to a copy of the distribution and installation of Windows will fail. If you are installing Windows 9x/ME with the distribution CD-ROM, create a file on your hard drive msbatch.inf as described earlier, and then restart the computer in MS-DOS and start installing Windows by using the following commands:

Drive: \ put_k_distributivu \ setup.exe drive: \ put_k file \ msbatch.inf

For example, if you boot to DOS from the boot floppy, file msbatch.inf stored in the root folder of drive C:, and distribution Windows 9x/ME - CD-ROM drive E:, the team will be:

A: \> E: \ SETUP.EXE C: \ MSBATCH.INF

If the boot sector is damaged
If you have already installed Windows 9x/ME from MS-DOS with a drive installed prior to Windows XP, you could lose access to multizagruzchiku, leaving when my computer will immediately boot Windows 9x, and multiple boot menu no longer appear on the screen. A similar effect can be achieved by performing during the conversation, DOS command sys c:.

The most unpleasant in this situation is that you will not be able to run the Recovery Console, because the version of her boot was «buried» along with multizagruzchikom Windows XP, and the use of an emergency floppy disk recovery in danger of Pre-disk partitions, and as a consequence - the loss of stored their information. In turn, the prospect reinstall Windows XP unlikely to be able to please the user.

Boggle such a situation should not be. Indeed, in this case not to be anything other than to begin installing Windows XP again. However, reinstall the system did not need. Start the installation of Windows XP and wait until the first restart, followed by the installation, you can stop: the boot sector will be restored. You will only edit the appropriate file boot.ini, then you can use the Windows 9x and Windows XP normally.
]]> English version http://www.csom.ru?id=2576 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 15:48:20 GMT
When you turn on your computer, without waiting for start Windows, press F8. On the menu is an alternative system of loading Windows Advanced Options Menu.

When the arrow keys, select the desired mode boot from the list, then press Enter. Among the available modes need to download the following:

Safe Mode-security mode of failure. In this mode, Windows will load into memory only the drivers and services that are minimally required for the system, ie, software modules, causing disruptions in the normal boot Windows, will not be used. You can delete or customize them in Safe Mode, and then restart the system normally. It should be noted that in the protection of malfunctions Windows does not load the drivers support network and video computer forcibly set to VGA, therefore, fully operational with a computer in this case is impossible. Set up your system in the protection of failures, and then restart the computer in the staffing mode;
Safe Mode with Networking-protection regime of failure to support the network. In addition to basic drivers and services will be loaded into memory as drivers of network adapters and protocols of data transmission that will allow you to work with local network in a limited mode;
Safe Mode with Command Prompt-the regime was included in the menu instead of downloading an alternative mode Command Prompt Only, well familiar to users Windows9x. In this case, Windows also runs in the protection of failures, but instead of a graphical user interface on the screen displays a window emulate MS-DOS, which you can perform all the teams to work with DOS disks and files. When using this mode should remember that you are working on it with an emulator DOS, but did not start the session DOS, allowing the use of all functions of the operating system, so some teams may not be available. If desired objective can not be solved in Safe Mode with Command Prompt, used for this purpose Recovery Console;

Enable Boot Logging-in the launch of Windows will consistently record information about how to download a file in bootlog.txt, which later you will be able to analyze in the search for causing disruptions or problems unstable operating module;
Enable VGA Mode-Windows will start using Video VGA. In this case will involve standard driver, additional drivers will not be loaded;
Last Known Good Configuration-in this mode, Windows will zagruzhatsyas use the registry entries made in the last unloading system when Windows is running normally and smoothly. For example, restart the computer in normal mode, you install a new driver, causing «crash» and the need for emergency reboot. In the Last Known Good Configuration Windows will use the registry entries made during the previous normal restart when «bad» driver has not yet been set;
Directory Services Restore Mode - Mode is intended for use on a network server in order to restore the damaged folders SYSVOL (public Folder, which stores copies of files shared server for this domain) and Active Directory. Active Directory-is a special service that allows you to store information on various local network and opening access to information for users and system administrators. Active Directory allows you to access network resources available to all network users using a single procedure for authentication. For system administrators Active Directory offers an opportunity to work comfortably with the network and manage all network sites using a single connection;
Debugging Mode-if you install Windows on your computer you are using the mechanism of Remote Installation Services, this mode allows you to upload take advantage of additional opportunities for disaster recovery system using Remote Installation Services;
Start Windows normally-launch Windows in the staffing mode;
Reboot-restart your computer;
Return to OS Choices Menu - closing menu of alternative loading and return to select the operating system multizagruzchika a re-run the Windows normally, if multizagruzchik on your computer is idle.
]]> English version http://www.csom.ru?id=2575 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 15:48:20 GMT Tray Microsoft Windows XP (Taskbar) by default located at the bottom of the screen and consists of several elements. In the right pane of tasks is called the system tray (Notification Area) - a special section designed to display system notifications, reports of hardware discovery, as well as icons of programs running in the background. Also in the notification area, placed the system clock and calendar. Language is the left panel (Language Bar), which includes LED keyboard. In the left pane of tasks placed the Start button (Start), opening access to the main menu Windows, and custom toolbars. The main space Tray set aside to display icons inactive at this point in time applications that the user is minimized click on the button Close the window.

Moving System Tray on the screen
You can move the taskbar on the screen, placing it along the left, right or top of your desktop. To do this:

right-click any of a point icon in the taskbar, and the resulting shortcut menu reset the box next to Lock the taskbar (Lock the Taskbar);
mouse over any free points from the System Tray icon, then hold the left mouse button, move the taskbar on the screen. Release the left mouse button when the taskbar to reach the desired position.
Changing the vertical size Tray
If you turn off the grouping of tasks may experience a situation in which the icons of running applications will not go easy on their display area Tray. In this case, you can increase the vertical size Tray. Procedure:

right-click any of a point icon in the taskbar, and the resulting shortcut menu reset the box next to Lock the taskbar (Lock the Taskbar);
Mouseover upper limit Tray in a way that it has adopted a vertical type of bi-directional arrows. While pressing the left mouse button, move the upper limit Tray on the screen.
Hiding the System Tray
Typically, in the process of working with the operating system the user is drawn to the System Tray only if it is necessary to switch from one running program to another, open the Start Menu or changed by a mouse keyboard. Thus, in some cases it makes sense to hide the taskbar is outside the working space until it is you do not need. In quiet mode, the taskbar will automatically appear when approaching the cursor to the appropriate boundary screen's viewing area. In order to hide the taskbar, you must do the following sequence of actions:

right-click any of a point icon tray and the menu that appears, click Properties (Properties);
in the Registration System Tray (Taskbar Appearance) opened the Properties dialog box tray and the menu «Start» (Taskbar and Start Menu Properties), check the box automatically hide the taskbar (Auto-hide the Taskbar).
Subsequently, you can cancel hide the taskbar dropping this box.

Grouping similar tasks
In the case of simultaneous loading of several programs in a Microsoft Windows inactive applications minimized in the taskbar, making it sooner or later, When it is available. In order to decongest the taskbar and release more working space to display the icons of running applications, you can include a mechanism grouping tasks, which presented similar programs running on your computer at the same time, are combined in a logical visual group. You can include a grouping of tasks by following these steps:

right-click any of a point icon tray and the menu that appears, click Properties (Properties);
in the Registration System Tray (Taskbar Appearance) opened the Properties dialog box tray and the menu «Start» (Taskbar and Start Menu Properties) check Group similar buttons in the System Tray (Group similar taskbar buttons).
Subsequently, you can undo the grouping of tasks, dropping this box.

Display System Tray on top of other windows
By default, the taskbar is displayed on top of boxes running applications. You can disable this mode: in this case, the program will be able to unfold in full screen and the taskbar will be located below them and become invisible. To do this:

right-click any of a point icon tray and the menu that appears, click Properties (Properties);
in the Registration System Tray (Taskbar Appearance) opened the Properties dialog box tray and the menu «Start» (Taskbar and Start Menu Properties) reset the box Have the taskbar on top of other windows (Keep the Taskbar on top of other windows).
Office location of the windows
You can control the relative positioning of windows running applications using the context menu Tray. Clicking the right mouse button at any point of a System Tray icon, select the menu that appears, one of the possible modes of windows on the screen:

Windows cascade (Cascade Windows) - windows applications will be displayed one above the other on a diagonal screen;
The windows from top to bottom (The windows vertically) - the application window will be placed vertically one with another;
The windows from left to right (The windows horizontally) - Window applications will be placed horizontally;
Show Desk (Show the Desktop) - windows all applications will automatically be rolled into the taskbar.
]]> English version http://www.csom.ru?id=2574 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 15:48:20 GMT
right-click any free icons point the Windows desktop, and the menu that appears, click Properties (Properties);
go to the Desktop tab (Desktop) Properties dialog box: Display (Display Properties).
For this tab, two functional areas: the top is a picture display on the screen which shows the appearance of the desktop Windows XP after a change in its setup menu is below Wallpaper (Background), which includes titles available in the background image on your desktop. Select the desired background image, you can click on any of the titles offered on the menu Background.

If the background desktop you plan to use the so-called «wallpaper» - small graphic files, geometric size much smaller than the size of the desktop Windows, you can specify the positioning of «wallpaper» image on the screen using the menu Location (Position), consisting of three Features display «wallpaper»:

Center (Center) - centered on your desktop (the rest of the space is filled with background color);
Zamość (Tile) - Figure «wallpaper» will multiply «repeated» vertically and horizontally to fill the full desktop space;
Stretch (Stretch) - Figure «wallpaper» would «stretched» to the entire space on your desktop.
In order to set as desktop background image an arbitrary image file, for example, a scanned picture or downloaded from the Internet a picture, click the Browse button (Browse), the right of the menu Wallpaper (Background), and then tell the system what path to the folder , In which the original image is stored. As such images can be used graphics files formats BMP, GIF, JPEG (JPG), DIB, PNG, or documents containing the code markings HTML (HTM or HTML).

Set the background color of the desktop, you can by clicking on the menu Color (Color). In the on-screen menu, you will be offered a palette consisting of twenty basic colors. If you want to choose another color, click on the button Other (Other), causing on-screen dialog box Color (Color).

In the left top of the window is a palette of colors Basic (Basic Colors), consisting of forty-eight basic colors. Right hosted a special area that includes the entire color spectrum, in the form of the gradient: clicking on the image of flowers left mouse button, you can select the desired shade, located right vertical slider controls the saturation selected tone. Your color is shown in color / Fill (Color / Solid): thus, changing the color settings such as hue and saturation, you can control the result. If you want to adjust the characteristics of the selected color manually (each color system is perceived by the standard RGB, in other words, the color is treated as a combination of red, blue and green hues), your service has a set of special fields in which you can specify the following colors by typing with the keyboard:

Hue (Hue) - determines the tone colors ranging from 0 to 239. If you specify a certain numerical value shades, this value will be changed to red, green and blue components of the selected color;
Contrast (Sat) - determines the contrast of the shades in the range from 0 to 240. The higher the saturation, the more bright and clean and look like color;
Saturation (Lum) - determines the brightness of colors ranging from 0 (black) to 240 (white);
Red (Red) - saturation of red shades in the color according to the standard RGB range from 0 to 255;
Green (Green) - saturation of green shades in the color according to the standard RGB range from 0 to 255;
Blue (Blue) - saturation blue hue in the color according to the standard RGB range between 0 and 255.
Once the parameters entered requisite color, you can add this in a custom color palette by clicking the Add button in the set (Add to custom colors). In the next dialog box Color (Color) is the color palette will be displayed in additional colors (Custom colors), beneath the basic palette of colors. To fix the color settings and return to the Desktop tab (Desktop) dialog screen: Properties (Desktop Properties), then click OK.
]]> English version http://www.csom.ru?id=2573 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 15:48:20 GMT
By clicking on this button appears on the screen menu, where you can select the video:

Landscape schedule (Album Art) - in Windows Media Player will consistently shown graphic images of what's in the program;
Atmosphere (Ambience) - This video includes fourteen regimes, each screen will be shown continuously changing color spots and eddies. To select a specific treatment for this video, click Choice visual image or in a window display visualization of the right mouse button, then click enter the desired item in the menu;
Figure (Bars and Waves) - demonstrates the on-screen color graphics to make the sound, imitating the dynamic image on liquid crystal panel Music Center. Video has four display mode: their preferences, right-click on the button Selection of visual image, then enter the desired item in the menu;
Battery (Battery) - video showing the window visualization dynamically changing figures, outlines of which peretekayut smoothly into each other. Has 26rezhimov display;
Particle (Particle) - in Windows Media Player will disappear poyavlyatsyai different designs, consisting of multi-colored light-emitting points;
Optical (Plenoptic) - the regime of seven similar video showing on a computer screen continuously changing colored spots of different shapes and shades;
Thorns (Spikes) - this mode of visualization displays in the window Proigryvatelya colored objects round consisting of a set of constantly changing its length rays;
Cvetomuzyka (Musical Colors) - the name of the group, comprising twenty different video, speaks for itself. The screen will be shown different images, reminiscent of its type effects obtained when tsvetomuzykalnoy equipment.
Located right buttons allow the move to the next or previous visual effect on the list.

In particular, the Back button allows you to move to the previous regime visualization from the list. Forward button switches the program to the next on the list of visuals.

Set up a profile play music or video, you can expand the picture in full screen by clicking on the right side of the control panel, click Full-screen visualization (Full Screen). Reverse switch from full-Proigryvatelya in windowed mode is carried out by pressing the button Esc. Options display video in full screen mode - namely, the appearance of various components of the player, is controlled via the View menu-> mode full Parmetry (View-> Full mode options). By default, the demonstration of any element of the management of the program in full-screen image output is off.

Each of the effects of Windows Media Player has several working modes, you can customize them through the View menu-> Visual images (View-> Visualization). To select visualization go in the name effect submenu and then click the box next to the regime that you want to make active. You can also download additional visual effects from the World Wide Web by clicking on the Tools menu (Tools) para Download visual images (Download Visualizations). The screen automatically opens a browser window Microsoft Internet Explorer, which tries to connect to the page in a web-server Microsoft.
]]> English version http://www.csom.ru?id=2572 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 15:48:18 GMT
Those who previously have had to deal with class OS Windows 9x/ME/2000, certainly draw attention to one characteristic of the new operating system: Windows XP Desktop contains only a single icon - the cart, different icons, traditional for previous versions of Windows, such as My Computer, My Documents or browser Internet Explorer, the desktop available. This was changed in the interface of Windows XP in order to allow the user to customize your desktop exactly as it should, and place it precisely the icons and shortcuts, which are needed for the job. In this section we will examine in detail all available in Windows XP desktop settings.
]]> English version http://www.csom.ru?id=2571 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 15:48:18 GMT
Prepare HTML-document containing all the elements you need, such as links to your favorite web-sites;
right-click any free labels point of the Windows desktop, and the menu that appears, click Properties (Properties);
go to the Desktop tab (Desktop) Properties dialog box: Display (Display Properties);
then click Customize Desktop (Customize Desktop);
tab, go to the Web (Web) dialog Elements Desktop (Desktop Items);
click Create (New). A window will appear Wizard new element of the desktop (New Active Desktop Item).
Clicking on the Browse button (Browse), enter the system path to the desired HTML-document, then click OK. You can download the web-page directly from the World Wide Web by typing in a field near the URL. Your preference HTML document will appear on the list of Web pages (Web pages) window Elements Desktop (Desktop Items).

Remove web-page from the list, you can click on the Delete button (Delete), clicking on the Properties button (Properties) will lead to opening the window that contains information about the HTML-document.

Properties window active element Desktop contains three tabs. The first of these, Document Internet (Web Document), includes general information on the site: size, the time needed to download information on its physical location. If the web-page is downloaded from the Internet, you can make it accessible and offline, check this page available offline (Make this page available offline). Schedule Tab (Shedule) allows you to adjust to this element of the desktop phone to automatically synchronize.

NOTE
Synchronization of Active Desktop and web-content Favorites folder automatically update downloaded from the Internet and locally stored web-pages available offline, according to the latest developments of the documents on the Internet. Thus, while offline viewing, you will always be available to the latest versions of web-pages that change frequently (the column of news, weather forecasts, quotes and rates, TV programs, etc.).

There are two modes of synchronization of Active Desktop, displayed a switch to synchronize elected (Synchronize Favorites):

1. Only when you click Synchronize from the Tools menu.
2. Using the calendar.
Add a new timetable in the list of synchronization, you can click on the Add button (Add). A window will appear new schedule (New Shedule), at the top of which you can specify the frequency synchronization. To do so, enter the appropriate numbers in the left field (for example, when entering the number 7 Timing will be done once every 7 days) and specify the time of launch procedures for synchronization in the format HH: MM. The following is to introduce an arbitrary name for the synchronization. If you want to be in sync automatically connects to the Internet, check the bottom of the window.

If your computer is connected to the Internet, you can immediately start the process of synchronization. To do this, click Synchronize (Synchronize) in the box Elements Desktop (Desktop Items).

Tab Loading (Download) window properties of the element Active Desktop allows you to set up an autonomous view obtained from the Internet web-page. If the web-page, you use as part of Active Desktop, contains links to other documents, you can make them available for offline viewing, indicating the depth of links, which should download files from the Internet. For example, if placed on the desktop web-page contains links to three other papers, each of which recalls another three, with a depth of 3 references to your hard disk will be downloaded every 12 web-pages, after which they will become available when offline viewing . By checking the box Limiting the use of disk space (Limit hard-disk usage for this page to), you can specify the maximum aggregate size of the downloadable from the Internet web-content in kilobytes. By clicking on the Advanced button (Advanced) you get a chance to ask those components of web-pages to save on the disk: in this list, the following types of components: images, sounds and videos, ActiveX controls and applications Java. In order to prevent any of the two types of components needed to reset the appropriate boxes, you can also prevent references to such components, check Download links only to documents HTML (Only to HTML pages).

You can configure the automatic notification of changes to used as part of Active Desktop web-page e-mail. To do this, the box element Active Desktop, type in the e-mail (E-Mail address) e-mail address to which to send the notice, and that your mail server (Mail Server) - SMTP-mail server to send messages. If you log on to the server, where this is a web-page, ask your password, you can configure automatic connection to the server by clicking on the button Log (Login).

As an element of Active Desktop can be used by the standard templates offered by Microsoft, which are available for free download on the server http://www.microsoft.com These templates are web-pages with information about weather, news channels, the page containing the links to music and entertainment resources. Choose one of the standard elements of Microsoft Active Desktop, you can click on the button Gallery (Visit Gallery) in the Wizard new element of the desktop.

Web-components of the desktop displayed in random scalable screen format, which you can move around the screen using the mouse. If you want the geometric size and screen position of the active component of the Windows desktop has always remained the same, check Lock desktop items (Lock Desktop Items) in the box Elements Desktop (Desktop Items).
]]> English version http://www.csom.ru?id=2570 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 15:48:18 GMT
To listen to or view multimedia files stored on the hard drive of your computer or on disc one connected to a network of computers, it is necessary to do the following:

Start Windows Media Player sequence of commands Start-> All Programs-> Accessories-> Entertainment-> Player Windows Media (Start-> All Programs-> Accessories-> Entertainment-> Windows Media Player);
Click File (File) at the top of the Windows Media Player and appeared in command menu, click Open (Open);
in the dialog box, open the file point the way and the name of the corresponding audio or video, then click Open (Open).
In order to play the file, located in one of the Internet servers, click on the link indicating the file either by running player Windows Media, select Open the address URL (Open URL) in command from the File menu (File), and then, pointing URL to a file, click the button OK.

To control the playback of files is the number of special buttons to the toolbar across the bottom of the window Proigryvatelya Windows Media:

Play (Play) - start playing the file;
Pause (Pause) - pause playback;
Stop (Stop) - stop playing the file.

Buttons fast it can control the current position of playing audio or video clip, their appointment (from left to right) the following:

play the previous file;
play the next file;
Mute.
In order to adjust the volume or audio playback, video, audio track, place your cursor over the volume and, holding the left mouse button, move it in the right direction.

In the same way to move the regulator play to start listening to file with the correct position (focused on the testimony of a timer and an indicator recording).

To arrange a continuous playback of an audio CD or audio files use the Play-> Repeat (Play-> Repeat), a record for playing the CD-ROM or audio files in random order - playback features-> In random order ( Play-> Shuffle), or simply press the keyboard shortcut Ctrl + H.

Eject the CD from your CD-ROM drive will combine «shortcuts» Ctrl + E.
]]> English version http://www.csom.ru?id=2569 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 15:47:09 GMT
To run Windows Media Player, please click Start-> All Programs-> Accessories-> Entertainment-> Player Windows Media (Start-> All Programs-> Accessories-> Entertainment-> Windows Media Player).
]]> English version http://www.csom.ru?id=2568 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 15:47:08 GMT
Until recently, users who choose to install on their computers, Windows 9x/2000, had to undergo optional registration procedure, which in addition to other information required to inform the center of a number of licensing Microsoft on its own. Thus, one copy of the operating system «attributed» to a specific user, sign up to its name. License users to access the most recent software updates, become a subscriber newsletters Microsoft reports about new products the company could benefit from a discount when buying the next version of Windows and, finally, in the event of a problem had the opportunity to seek assistance from the Technical Support . The buyer operating system could refuse to register and continue to use Windows in Normal mode.

Microsoft Product Activation implies a slightly different approach to «legalization» software. During installation, Windows XP users are invited to enter in the special field identification key product (Product Key), which is usually specified in the documentation for the operating system on the package a CD-ROM or in a set of documents supplied by the buyer with a new computer. Next Windows itself analyzes the user's computer hardware configuration, has consistently oprashivaya various devices and collecting data on hardware discovery, such as hard drive serial number or processor. When scanning an analysis of only the basic hardware components, peripherals, including printers, scanners, digital cameras, the analysis does not include configuration. In the process of analyzing the computer remains inviolable to all stored on discs private information and, therefore, remains fully anonymous user Windows. No details about the identity of the owner of the computer, the computer manufacturer, producing components, as well as the programs installed on the disk are not investigated and can not be transferred.

When you first start Windows XP automatically starts the Activation Wizard Windows (Fig. 3.6).

Based on information gathered during the analysis of configuration and user-entered the product key (Product Key) Activation Wizard generates a unique code installation (Installation ID). Installation ID unique to each individual computer and allows you to uniquely identify a computer to set its equipment. If your computer is connected to the Internet, the installation code can be transmitted to the Center for licensing Microsoft directly over the network, in which case the activation process takes a few seconds. If the buyer does not use Windows Internet, it can communicate its code install Microsoft employees in any other way: by letter, fax or call your local Microsoft office in your area (coordinates must be stated in the documentation for your operating system). Practice shows that the length of the telephone conversation ranges from five to fifteen minutes (see fig. 3.7.).

If a city where you live, there is no representation of Microsoft, the corporation is ready to assume the costs of intercity call to activate Windows. To do this, you should call the nearest regional center for Microsoft, to indicate their desire to activate the operating system and call your phone number: after a while Microsoft specialists are calling the listed number. In this case, «a call» (call back), regardless of its duration will pay Microsoft.

The resulting from the user's unique code installation checked in the information database Microsoft: if the copy of Microsoft Windows has not yet passed the activation process on the computer, users have reported the confirmation code (Confirmation ID), which he must put in the appropriate box on request Activation Wizard. Since then, the operating system is considered to be activated, and the user can continue to work with her as usual. To get activated, the buyer operating system has 30 days from the time you install Windows XP. If during this time activation was not, downloading and the continued use of Windows become impossible.

Thus, the technology Microsoft Product Activation «links» software is not user, but to your computer hardware and unrelated to the procedure of registration, and the remainder optional. In the process of activating or after the user can register your copy of Windows XP, Microsoft reported in a series of data about themselves, after which he receives all the benefits of the registered user's Windows. However, registration can be waived, the features in the operating system it will not change.

Naturally, because the mechanism of Microsoft Product Activation Windows has become more sensitive to changes in the configuration of your computer. To activate one copy of Windows can be only one personal computer. Reinstall Windows XP on one computer user can arbitrary number of times without re-activated, but only if in the process of reinstalling was not formatted the hard drive. If it was not formatted or the system is installed on a new hard disk, to repeat the activation. Reactivation is not necessary if since the last user replaced on his computer until all three components. When more than three components, or when buying a new computer you want to call the nearest Microsoft and indicate the need to reactivate the operating system on the phone. There are no restrictions on the replacement of peripheral devices (scanners, printers, digital camera and camcorder) is not imposed.
]]> English version http://www.csom.ru?id=2567 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 15:44:01 GMT Operating system Microsoft Windows XP (for England. EXPerience - experience) is a new family of OS Windows, set up technology-based NT. Initially, Microsoft Corporation plans to develop two independent operating systems, a new generation. The first project was a working title of Neptune, this OS was to be the next update of Windows Millennium Edition, the new line of Windows 9X. The second project, called Odyssey, to create operating system on the platform of Windows NT, which had come to replace Windows 2000. However, the Microsoft felt it inappropriate disperse resources for the promotion of two different operating systems, resulting in both directions of development have been combined into one project - Microsoft Whistler.
Perhaps precisely because of this decision, Windows XP combines the advantages already familiar to users of previous generations of operating systems: convenience, ease of installation and maintenance of the family of OS Windows 98 and Windows ME, as well as the reliability and versatility of Windows 2000. If you want to install on your computer friendly, easy-to-use operating system with flexible configuration for a comfortable and stable operation, Microsoft Windows XP - that is what you need.
Currently, Windows XP for desktop PCs and workstations available in three versions: Home Edition for home PCs, Professional Edition - for the office PC and, finally, Microsoft Windows XP 64bit Edition - this version of Windows XP Professional for PCs, assembled at the Base 64-bit Intel Itanium processor with a clock speed of more than 1 GHz. There is also a server version of the operating systems based on Windows XP, which are positioned in the market under the brand Windows Server 2003: the platform of Windows Server 2003 Standard Edition, Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition, Windows Server 2003 Datacenter Edition and Windows Server 2003 Web Edition. Accordingly, the technical capabilities of these operating systems are different: for example, Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition supports multiprocessor hardware platforms and has embedded systems to ensure increased security for business applications and local area networks, Windows Server 2003 Datacenter Edition supports the machine, the hardware configuration that includes up to 32 sync working processors and has a more modern security arrangements, and Windows Server 2003 Web Edition is designed specifically for Web servers and posting data on the Internet.
In 2003, Microsoft released to the market products that have received the designation Windows XP Service Pack 1 and Windows XP Service Pack 2 (SP1 and SP2) - packs for the operating systems Windows XP Home and Professional Edition, to address a number of authorized developers and found in the practical use of these operating systems errors, as well as to replace some system modules, programs, libraries and components with newer versions.
In late 2003, Microsoft released to the market a further implementation of Windows XP for desktop computers, known as Microsoft Windows XP Media Center Edition 2004 - for the moment, this OS is only available in a preloaded on new PCs. This operating system is initially focused on the recording, playback and processing of multimedia data, it includes a variety of specialized modules designed to turn your PC into an entertainment center present. In addition to updated versions of Microsoft Windows Messenger, Windows Movie Maker, Media Player Windows Media, as well as built-driver packages and libraries, Microsoft Direct X 9, Windows XP Media Center Edition includes a number of additional components, markedly improving the quality playback of audio and video user to make work with digital video and cameras, viewing photos, listening to Internet radio stations and search of multimedia information on the World Wide Web more convenient and comfortable.
As part of the encyclopedia, we will consider only the operating system, Windows XP Professional and Home Edition, as well as several individual components that are included in the standard packs and version of Media Center Edition 2004. Detailed comparison of two basic realizations of Windows XP offered in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1. Comparative characteristics of Windows XP Professional and Home Edition

Component Professional Home
Themes change Windows XP Yes Yes
System Search Search Companion Yes Yes
The media player Windows Media Player Yes Yes
Help and Support Center (Microsoft Help and Support Center) Yes Yes
Microsoft Windows Messenger Yes Yes
Windows Movie Maker Yes Yes
Microsoft Internet Explorer 6.0 Yes Yes
Microsoft Outlook Express 6.0. Yes Yes
MSN Explorer Yes Yes
A standard set of applications Yes Yes
Automatic system configuration LAN Yes Yes
Remote access to a computer (Remote Desktop) Yes No
Remote Support System (Remote Assistance) Yes No
Offline Files and Folders - provides access to files and folders stored on a network drive Yes No
Scalable processor support, including support for symmetric multiprocessor systems Yes No
Encrypting data stored in sections NTFS Yes No
Personal firewall to protect your computer in the Internet Da Da
Access Control - a ban users access to files, folders and applications Yes No
Centralized administration - to connect systems running Windows XP, Windows Server to the domain Yes No
Group administration - the group of users and computers on the network Yes No
Moved user profiles - access to all your documents and settings, regardless of the computer used to login Yes No
Remote Installation Services - Support for remote installation of the operating system on computers connected to the network Yes No
Support - Recruitment and display text in different languages Yes Yes
Multilingual interface - to display localized menus and entire programs that include elements of the interface in different languages Yes No

The latest release for «desktop» versions of Windows XP is build 2600. Look for the number of your version of Windows XP you can open the Quick Start program, which should click on the icon Run (Run) in the Windows Start menu and type the command in the field winver.

General information
The new problem-oriented interface of Microsoft Windows XP allows you as soon as possible to learn the principles of the operating system, even to users who have never before experienced systems Windows. Used in Windows XP advanced Web technologies offer the opportunity to exchange text and voice messages, web projects of different levels of complexity, shopping online to connect and share applications not only in the local network, but also on the Internet. Using a special function Automatic Update (Automatic Update) Windows XP users receive remote access to any necessary updates and drivers «in one press of a mouse», with all the necessary changes to the configuration of the operating system are carried out automatically.

Setting up Windows has become even more convenient, and Control Panel - still visible. Like other operating systems built using technologies NT, Microsoft Windows XP fully supports multi-mode, with improved access control mechanism ensures the highest levels of security are stored on disk private data, and advanced control algorithms guarantee the stability of the new version of Windows. At a preliminary presentation of a beta version of Microsoft Whistler, on 13 February 2001 in Seattle, Chairman of Microsoft Corporation Bill Gates told the press that the version of Windows, to create and test which spent more than 1 billion U.S. dollars - the most important development of Microsoft since the release of to market Windows 95, a vice-president of the corporation Jim Ollchin added: «Windows XP - is not just a new version of Windows, it is - Update lifestyle».

System requirements
To run Microsoft Windows XP requires a personal computer, meet the following minimum system requirements:

processor - Pentium-compatible, clock speed of 233 MHz and higher. Allowed the use of families of processors Intel / Celeron or AMD K6/Athlon/Duron;
RAM - 64 MB;
free disk space - 1.5 gigabytes (only for the needs of the operating system, separately installed software requires additional disk space).
graphics card is equipped with at least 8 MB of video memory and SVGA-compatible display that supports a screen resolution of at least 800x600 pixels.

However, for stable and fast work recommended that the operating system on your computer with the best characteristics:

processor - Pentium-II-compliant (or above), clock speed of 500 MHz or higher;
RAM - from 256 megabytes;
free disk space - of 2 GB.
graphics card is equipped with at least 16 MB of video memory and SVGA-compatible display that supports a screen resolution of at least 1024x768 pixels.
A device for reading compact discs (CD-ROM)
The modem at speeds of at least 56 Kbit \ c.
]]> English version http://www.csom.ru?id=2566 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 15:43:58 GMT
Safety System
The stability and continuity of the Windows XP provides a variety of means. One of them - automatic backup of the key components of the system. The special feature is the System Restore (System Restore), which is still used in the composition of OC Windows ME/2000, continued in Windows XP. In a special box containing a calendar and a list of systemic changes, the user can select an arbitrary date from the time you install Windows, then automatically restored the system corresponding to that date. Thus, in the case of failures with Windows XP user can «return» system in a configuration in which it operated stably. In addition, Windows XP is equipped with the special mechanisms for the rehabilitation of older versions of device drivers (Driver Rollback), which applies if the new version of the driver of a device is unstable, as well as special algorithms reconstruction of damaged applications user (function Automated System Recovery) .

It is a group of security constitute built into the operating system modules designed for computer anti-virus protection and to protect against unauthorized access to information stored on disk. In particular, a set of tools for connecting to the Internet is equipped with a special set of dynamic software filters ICF (Internet Connection Firewall). This module ensures the safety of computers connected to the Internet on dial-up telephone channels using a modem, through a local network or using a direct connection. In the framework of the Internet Connection Firewall was laid Technology Network Address Translator (NAT), which allows the system to analyze from the Internet requests for access to a computer or local network. All suspicious requests, in particular, resort to various ports of a computer scanning programs such as a custom module «pirated» remote administration tool Back Orifice, immediately otsekayutsya operating system.

Controlled Network Access feature is used to control the remote connections to the computer on the network. Each user, connected to a network computer that is running Windows XP, appointed by the authority «guest», which does not allow him to change system settings or gain access to system files. Any attempt by a remote user to assign a higher privilege or connect to your machine on the Rights of the administrator (for example, by running over passwords) immediately fixed the system. None of the users' local network except those who gave himself the owner of a computer relevant powers will not be able to fully control the resources of Windows XP or change the configuration of the operating system.

For additional protection of the personal computer with Microsoft Windows XP provides a special mechanism - Policy policy restrictions (Software Restriction Policies). The policy limits the program allows flexibility to manage the implementation process on your computer and impose restrictions on the performance of some programs. In particular, installed on the computer software can be «strictly controlled» - you can decide how, when, where and under what conditions to allow the launch of a program or prohibit the execution of a program at all. In Windows XP also has a special module for the removal of the virus suspected of Java applets and ActiveX, downloadable from the Internet.

Compatibility
The first thing that worries usually Windows users in switching to another operating system version, it is an issue of compatibility with the software. It is often almost impossible to predict in advance whether the run is running regular Windows implementation of the old accounting program or game can not be used has already become a commonplace word, or would have to install a new one.
In Windows XP, the problem of compatibility of different software applications with the operating system is solved effectively. The developers have incorporated into the new OS function Mode (Compatibility Mode), creating a program originally designed to work with earlier versions of Windows, an appropriate environment. A special section of system folders stored set of dynamic libraries, which may be necessary to run various «old» software. Compatibility mode provides support for applications in the treatment Windows 95, Windows NT 4.0, Windows 98/ME and Windows 2000. If one of these operating systems is your program works correctly, it will be stable and work with Windows XP.

Hardware compatibility
Another important issue for the user - support for the operating system installed in your computer equipment, and more specifically - all of the required drivers.

Windows XP supports the standard ISA, USB, PCI, SCSI, PS / 2, is working with devices Plug and Play. If your equipment works on Windows 2000 or Windows ME, most likely it will work with Windows XP. Some difficulties might arise except that, with the number of obsolete devices connected to the ISA bus standard and do not support Plug and Play. In addition to other equipment Windows XP by default supports many new peripheral devices such as digital photo and video cameras, scanners, USB-microphones, equipment for Internet telephony and videoconferencing, digital scanners, DVD, VHS-digital video recorders, many modern network cards. In addition, the operating system allows computers to fully utilize the resources collected at the 64-bit Intel and AMD processors with clock frequencies above 1 GHz.

Sharing resources

Technology WebDAV (Web Digital Authoring & Versioning), based on the possible protocol HTTP, allows different users to Windows XP to work with the same file over the Internet, as well as publish and edit files directly on the server. In particular, the use of WebDAV users can download to a remote Web server of a document and modify it as if the document is stored on their local drive. Using co-editing WebDAV help, for example, draw up the text of a commercial contract or scientific paper with the colleagues who live in another city or another country.

Technology of Remote Desktop Connection (Remote Desktop), used in Windows XP Professional Edition, enables you to run applications on a remote computer running this version, with any computer equipped with any version of Microsoft Windows, the user can manage applications with the keyboard and mouse, as well as receive on-screen image of the network running the program. The technology - a universal solution for sharing resources in a distributed computing environment. You can access your computer and set it on the program literally from anywhere, at any time and from any other computer (for example, a laptop), it is important only that the computer uses Microsoft Windows. Remote Desktop Connection works even on slow lines with low capacity. Using this feature, you can contact your home computer while you're on vacation or business trip, quickly getting access to stored on disks, files and documents, or to connect from home with a computer located in the office to continue to abort or to use access to corporate network. Remote Desktop Connection offers great opportunities for system administrators to remote administration of the local network with the corporate server with the home computer. The technology also includes the following features:

redirects file system. Local file system Windows XP is available from a remote computer user throughout a communication session. You can refer to files and folders as if working from a network drive, there is no need to install any additional network connections except for the Remote Desktop;
Divert the press. You can print to a local printer, any documents from the remote machine without having to copy them to your disk. If you are connecting from a remote computer to install Windows XP will detect your system is connected to a local printer, all necessary drivers are installed automatically;
call forwarding ports. With this function, the program running on a remote computer, turn to serial and parallel ports of your machine. For example, you can send to the remote location information received from your scanner or other local facilities;
channel audio. Using Remote Desktop Connection you can listen on your computer audio files stored on the disc remote machine;
sharing of the clipboard. Throughout the conversation, connection, in the Remote Desktop, you can use the clipboard to manage data on a remote computer, for example, running on a remote machine, Microsoft Word, to allocate part of text document and use the Copy, paste the text editor Notepad, loaded on the local machine. Similarly, you can move through the clipboard data, and in the opposite direction, from a local computer remotely.

Remote Assistance
Have you ever tried to customize Windows by phone or help the less experienced friend to deal with unexpected problems encountered, especially if «victim» can not plainly explain what happened to his car? Forget about it. Using the utility Remote Assistance (Remote Assistance) from the set of Windows XP, you will be able to inspect the computer novice user to identify the problem and to offer him the best way to «treatment».

Remote Assistant realized based messaging program Windows Messenger, but you can take them via e-mail, both on a local network or through the Internet. In general scheme of the Remote Assistance is as follows.

A user who requires skilled care (conventionally call it «Kettle») sends his more experienced colleagues ('ll call it for simplicity «Pro») special request encrypted format XML, called «ticket». This will prevent the penetration of computer Chaynika any detractors, as the only Pro can decode the message and use it to connect to a remote computer.

When you communicate with your computer kettle, Profi sees on his screen window, which shows the problems, then can send their Chayniku recommendations to address the problem by e-mail, or to discuss the problem of «live» using Windows Messenger. In doing so, Teapot retains full control over your computer, though, if necessary, may transfer the management of its Pro keyboard and mouse to a deal with the problem itself.

Safety use Remote Assistance to the client provides the following measures:

Kettle may limit the duration of a communication session with Professor interval of time from 1 minute to 99 days. By default, the duration of a session is 1 hour;
at the end of a communication session with all the necessary authentication information is automatically deleted, that would not Profi re-establish a connection without the knowledge Kettles;
optional connection with a password, which will report Teapot Profi by phone or in person. Thus, the Teapot is fully guaranteed to penetrate your computer foreign detractors.

Objectively evaluate the pros and cons of this technology is still difficult because a small number of users and installed on PCs and Windows XP. However, we can assume that in certain situations Remote Assistance Force to save enough qualified users from having to go to the other end of the city to help find a friend on the screen click Start, or run on the floor businesses, to help chief secretary quit Microsoft Excel.

Sending and Receiving Faxes
If you use a computer running an operating system Microsoft Windows XP, you do not need a fax. In order to receive or send faxes using Windows XP, need a fax-modem and does not require any additional software. System Utility Service fax (Fax Sharing) is closely integrated with your mail client Microsoft Outlook, that allows you to send faxes to all users on the list of contacts, read from the screen came faxes and put them into print, as well as receive notification of sending a fax via e-mail . A user can send, along with a special fax cover sheet, «attach» standard header for each message or create a corporate «form» to send faxes. Sake fax modem and configuration programs are implemented through the wizard and do not cause great difficulties. It should be noted that a fax module of Windows XP is fully compatible with similar units Back Office Server and Small Business Server.

Automation of the network
In the development of Microsoft Windows XP specialists tried whenever possible to facilitate setup and configure the network, making it accessible even to those users who are unfamiliar with the network technology. Now to combine multiple computers running Windows XP, a small «home» LAN, you can use user-friendly aids Windows, which takes the bulk of the work on setting up the network. In «home» network organization can simultaneously access the Internet using a computer equipped with conventional or cable modem.

Much better support mnogosegmentnyh small networks. If one of the members of the network of computers connected to the other through wireless technology Radio Ethernet, another - via infrared, and the third - the normal «twisted pair», Windows 2000, each segment is perceived as a separate subnet. From the user required to set up a protocol for head machines each network segment, to appoint a number of sub-networks, specify the algorithms transfer IP-packets between networks. Windows XP takes mnogosegmentnye local area network as a single IP-network, which is much easier to configure.

Of course, a simplified version of the settings of network connections is good for small «home» networks and is not suitable for corporate distributed systems. That is why the complete Windows XP Professional provides mechanisms for a more complex configuration and administration of local networks.
]]> English version http://www.csom.ru?id=2565 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 15:43:57 GMT In the 40-ies of the XX century. several groups of researchers try again Bebidzha based on the technology of the time.
The first of these was the German engineer Konrad Tsuze, who in 1941 built a small computer on the basis of several electrical-mechanical relays. But because of the war work Tsuze not been published.
And in the USA in 1943 at a business from IBM àmerikanets G. Achen has created a more powerful computer, called "Mark-1". It allows computing hundreds of times faster than by hand.
Since relays are working very slowly, then starting in 1943, the U.S. team of specialists start to design a computer called "ENIAC" on the basis of electron tubes. Created by computer has worked a thousand times faster than the Mark-1. However, most of the time he prostaival because to enter the program, it accounted for several hours or days to connect wires, but the calculations were within a few minutes or seconds.
The great step forward was the creation of microprocessors that size does not exceed a few square centimeters (1970). It is thanks to them we see the computer what it is, that is a small processing unit and monitor.
]]> English version http://www.csom.ru?id=2564 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 15:43:55 GMT As seen in previous chapters of computer crime are those under criminal law socially dangerous acts in which the machine is a subject of a criminal assault.
Crimes with a subject only hardware and equipment computers (theft, destruction), subject to a different type of criminal offenses set out in Chapter 21 "Crimes against property." In principle, we can assume cases where harmful effects on the computer is carried out by a direct effect on its information commands. This is possible if the offender will be able to enter the moving machine parts (disks, printer) in the resonance frequency, to increase the brightness of the display or part to prozhiganiya phosphor, loop down the computer in such a way that using a minimum number of sites has their heating and incapacitate. In these cases, the characterization of the act should be carried out in conjunction articles chapters on crimes against property and computer crimes, as in this case are two objects of criminal legal protection. And when used as a weapon to commit a wrongful act is not information but a hardware-technical part (injury printer, etc.) can be considered the last par with such items as a knife, a pistol, rope and other things the material world. Overall, the 28-I head the Criminal Code for "Computer crime" is designed to protect information that is security - and only because of the protection and hardware equipment, which are material carriers of information resources. The effects of the misuse of information can be extremely diverse: it is not only a violation of intellectual property, but also the disclosure of information about the private lives of citizens, property damage in the form of direct damages and lost income, loss of goodwill, various kinds of disruption of business, industry, etc. . e. It is therefore quite justified that crimes of this type placed in the section IX "Crimes against public safety and public order."
Thus, the overall target of computer crime will totality of social relations protected by criminal law; generic - public safety and public order; species - a set of public relations for lawful and safe use of information; direct object is interpreted on the basis of the names and disposition of specific articles. More often than not the direct object the core of the computer crimes formulated alternatively, in quantity skilled combinations of them, of course, is increasing.
Is the computer information only subject to this type of crime or whether it can act and their means when the electronic computer equipment used to commit another assault on another illegal site. The latter view was expressed earlier by some authors.
However, it would be too expand the scope of the term "computer crime" and hamper the work as a legislator, and pravoprimenitelya.
Developers of new UK went on the first way to read chapter 28 convoys in a way that computers INFORMATION, in each case is only the subject
committing computer crimes.
However, when using the machine as a means of committing another crime relations to protect it are inevitable, ie, it is becoming a socially dangerous act. It is impossible to illegally take advantage of information stored in computers, without adversely affecting its protection, ie not carrying one of the activities listed in Art. 20 federal law "On information, informatization and information protection": leakage, loss, distortion, forgery, destruction, modification, copying, freezing and other forms of unlawful interference with information resources and systems. Even if you do not suffer the attention of a specific computer, legitimately used its legitimate user, almost inevitably be subjected to harm those with which it is linked network. Thus, even with such a classic crime of the electronic theft of money, the responsibility for this must come together to Regulations perfect crime.
Almost all formulations of Chapter 28 relate to crimes of small and medium-gravity, and only one - to serious crime. Describing the objective side before the convoys, let us first of all, that even most of them constructively formulated as the material, therefore involve not only committing socially dangerous act, but an offensive public dangerous consequences, as well as establishing a causal link between the two traits.
However, one can not but acknowledge that the destruction, blocking, modification and copying information does not exclude autonomy. In the academic literature [17] indicates that it is more reason to consider criminal liability for illegal access to computer information instances where illegal access involves the destruction, blocking, etc. (ie such access should be made not only causes, but also a necessary condition).
Because 2 of Article. 9 CCRF time to commit each of those crimes would be recognized by the end of time, it acts independently from the time of impact. Sami is socially dangerous acts often serve here in the form of action and only occasionally - as inaction. In one case a sign of the objective side of the offense, as a way of the commission, formulated as a mandatory feature of substantive and qualified formulations. In the other he, as well as time, location, environment, guns, the commission of a crime can be taken into account the court as a mitigating or aggravating circumstances.
Of all the signs of subjective side would be only one - wine. It is based on ch.2 art. 24 UK, for all the crimes of this type requires a fault in the form of intent, and only two qualified of a two forms: intent in relation to the acts and negligence against nastupivshih socially dangerous consequences. Optional features subjective side, as well as with regard to the objective side, will have no meaning for the offense. Thus, the motives of such acts are usually gain or hooliganism, but may be of interest considerations, a sense of revenge, not out committing them to conceal another crime, etc. Of course, that particular challenge will cause a problem delimitation unwary innocent and the injury because of the complexity and secrecy of processes in networks and computer systems.
The subject of several formulations is special. In other cases, they may be, in principle, any person, especially when increasing computer literacy of the population. Responsibility for crimes against computer security comes from 16 years (Article 20 of the Criminal Code).
Disposition of articles 28 th chapters of the narrative, often - blanket or referential. Their application will be available to the art. 35 UK, the regulatory and legal act on the protection of computer information, the rules of operation of computers, etc. Penalties - alternative, with the exception of two qualified formulations, where they are - because of the seriousness of the consequences of a crime - "cut" to the relatively-defined.
Originally, the draft Criminal Code chapter on Cybercrime includes 5 articles. But in the future because of comments made by both scholars of criminal law and practice of computer case, the first three sections were merged, and now the head appears as follows:
- Art. 272. Unlawful access to computer data;
- Art. 273. The creation, use and dissemination of malicious software;
--Art. 274. Violation of the rules of operation of the mainframe computer system or network.

§ 2. Unlawful access to computer information.

Location st.272 chapter in the first place was caused by a truly catastrophic situation on the domestic market, computer information and caused PC users free access to information resources uncontrolled copying the past. I note only that about 98% of copies of software products produced at the present time in our country it is that way.
This article, which, like the next, consists of 2 parts, contains quite a lot of signs, mandatory for an object, objective and subjective sides of the offense. The immediate object of a public relations to ensure the security of computerized information and the normal functioning of computers, their systems or networks.
The composition of the crimes set out as a material, and if the conduct in the form of identified unambiguously (illegal access to computer information protected by law), the consequences, though mandatory, can be quite varied:
1) the destruction of information
2) its blocking,
3) changed,
4) copying,
5) breach of the mainframe
6) the same - for a system of computers,
7) the same, for their network.
Objective by the crime of illegal access to computer information protected by law if the act resulted in the destruction, blocking, modifying or copying information, violation of the mainframe computer system or network.
The act, as seen from the available article requires a mandatory two signs: The information should be protected by law, and access to it must be unfortunate.
In cases of this crime must be established that the computer information to which the access is protected by law on state secrets, the property of copyright or other, that the very fact of unauthorized access to it violated the prerogatives of State, the right owner, the owner, author or other legal or natural person. By virtue of Art. 6 Federal Law "On information, informatization and information protection" information resources are owned by legal persons and natural persons included in their property and are subject to civil law.
Misuse should recognize access to the closed information system of a person other than a legitimate user either does not have permission to work with this information. Ways to access: using someone else's name, changing the physical addresses of technical devices, password selection, finding and using "gaps" in the program, any other fraud protection system of information.
Unauthorized entry to government computers or computer network should be seen as preparation for access to computer information.
This article criminal law provides for liability for unlawful access to information only if it is sealed by car carrier, in electronic computers (computers), computer system or network.
Engine carriers, which include all kinds of magnetic disks, magnetic tapes, magnetic drums, card, semiconductor circuits, etc., are classified according to their physical and structural features.
Computer information may also appear in your computer, which is listed through the media machine, used as storage devices - external (eg, floppy disk), or internal, included in the design of computers. Storage device, implementing an internal memory of computers directly connected to the processor and provides data directly involved in its operations.
Computer information can be transmitted by telecommunications channels from one computer to another, from the mainframe to the display device (phone, for example), a computer administrator sensor equipment. Telecommunication channels with the software link separate computer system or network.
Thus, the rule of criminal law protects computer information, wherever it may contain or circulate: on computers, in the channels of communication, to separate from the engine computer media.
Unlawful access to records software, to the primary documents of databases and other such information, in the form of record-hand man, typed or printer recruited printed, there was no implication in the rules of criminal law and may, in appropriate cases, have responsibility only for other Special Part of the Criminal Code (Articles 137, 138, 183, etc.).
The end of the act is the time of sending the computer user interface team last call stored information, regardless of the onset of further consequences. However, the act becomes a crime only if the latter condition. All acts performed before filing the last team to be the subject of an unfinished crime.
With regard to criminal consequences, the destruction of information should be understood that the change in its status, at which it ceases to exist because of the loss of major quality traits (available to the user to restore erased using software or obtain the information from another user does not absolve the perpetrator of responsibility); by blocking - the inability to access it from the legitimate user of a modification - alteration, characterized by the appearance of new (apparently unwanted) features; by copying - to provide accurate fire on the exact play the original (again, without proper authorization) ; Under the violation of work - stop the program, it loops, slowing down work, a violation of the order of execution, the expense of the hardware, the gap network and other effects.
On the subjective part of the crime is only a form of intentional fault. In doing so, in relation to action intent can only be direct, as evidenced by the legislature and the use of the term "illegal" and to the fact of the effects - both direct and indirect. A person must be aware of the danger of public action to anticipate the possibility or the inevitability of socially dangerous consequences, and wish them offensive, or consciously avoid them or treat them indifferently. Naturally, the existence of an act of culpable intent rather than negligence, will be difficult, if only because in various states of computer systems (often unknown perpetrator), the same action can lead to different consequences.
There is a need, of course, distinguish between the criminal offense of misconduct. For example, would not constitute a crime of an employee who violated the order established by order of business computer outside of any profit.
The perpetrator of a crime referred pm 1 tablespoon. 272, may be attributable to any person having attained 16 years, including a legitimate user, who does not have permission to work with a certain category of information.
Part 2 tablespoons. 272 provides as making the sign of some new elements of the subject and composition. This is the act:
1) group with prior agreement;
2) an organized group;
3) a person using his official position;
4) a person with access to computers, their system or network.
If the description of the first two indications given in the article. 35 UK, a special agent of the last two can be treated as individual officers, programmers, computer operators, naladchikov equipment, professional users of computer workstations, etc. Note, however, that hardly justified the designation of "the same" - that is, unlawful access - to those who have access to computers, systems, networks, because they appeal to computer data, most often, rightly.
]]> English version http://www.csom.ru?id=2563 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 15:43:52 GMT English version http://www.csom.ru?id=2562 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 15:43:50 GMT
when the power is turned on the computer screen, you receive one of the following error messages:
missing operating system (OS lost);
invalid partition table (damaged data allocation table);
invalid system disk (corrupted system disk);
disk boot failure (it is not possible to boot from CD);
a disk read error occurred (error occurred disk);
insert (replace) system disk and press any key (insert a floppy disk system inazhmite any key);
hard disk failed / absent (waiver or a hard disk error);
hard disk error / I / O error (error hard drive / input-output);
after the completion of test phase BIOS computer crash occurs;
not a multi-boot menu;
the computer hangs right after you see the Verifying DMI Pool data.
The most difficult is to restore a damaged system, if Windows is installed in disk partition containing the file table NTFS, and thus you can not use the boot disks and special utilities DOS. Also, some difficulties may lead to the restoration of the damaged boot record Windows XP, which can be erased by some utilities DOS, for example, the program FDISK. For these purposes, the developers made a special arrangement that called Recovery Console (RC), or the Recovery Console.
]]> English version http://www.csom.ru?id=2561 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 15:43:48 GMT
«Windows could not start because the following file is missing or corrupt: <windows root> \ system32 \ hal.dll. Please re-install a copy of the above file ». (Windows could not start because the following file is missing or corrupt: <windows root> \ system32 \ hal.dll. Install new copy of the above file.)
In most cases, the occurrence of such errors due to incorrect configuration multizagruzchika when calling module HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer) or a version of HAL, not conforming to the actual hardware configuration of your computer. For example, the personal computer of some manufacturing companies, including several models of computer firm Compaq, as well as for systems that use symmetrical multiprocessing architecture, the standard module HAL is not suitable. Among the methods used to combat this a mistake you can list the following:

If an error occurs when downloading from the menu Windows9x/ME multiple boot Windows XP, open for editing boot.ini, and change the line reference to the section containing Windows9x such a way that instead of ARC-sequence it had been a standard way of DOS, pointing to the root system drive, for example, c: \ = "Microsoft Windows 98" instead of
multi (0) disk (0) rdisk (0) partition (1) \ WINDOWS = "Microsoft Windows 98;
If an error occurs when booting Windows XP/2000 / NT (this may be due, in particular, showing the incorrect installation of the system folder (systemroot) for multizagruzchika), make sure that for the installation of Windows correctly identify the root folder system (for this run the Recovery Console, log into the Windows folder current installation of Windows XP and type in the command line directive systemroot), then use the line reference to the appropriate disk partition, indicating the key / hal, for example: multi (0) disk (0) rdisk (0) partition (1) \ WINNT = "Microsoft Windows XP" / hal = hal.dll, where file hal.dll-file module HAL, stored in the System32 folder system folder current installation of Windows;
If your computer has a custom configuration download from a Web server, its manufacturer as a module HAL and set it according to the instructions proposed in the attached to the computer documentation.
«Windows could not start because the following file is missing or corrupt: <windows root> \ system32 \ ntoskrnl.exe. Please re-install a copy of the above file ». (Windows could not start because the following file is missing or corrupt: <windows root> \ system32 \ ntoskrnl.exe. Install new copy of the above file.)
This error occurred when the kernel boots Windows XP, most often seen after the redeployment of disk partitions without removing the current Windows installation or after retirement / installation of the system of additional hard drives.

Open the file boot.ini to edit and verify that all references in the [operating systems] is correct. Use the MAP and BOOTCFG in the Recovery Console to determine the correct reference.
Use string references to the appropriate disc section showing key / kernel, for example,
multi (0) disk (0) rdisk (0) partition (1) \ WINNT = "Microsoft Windows XP" / kernel = ntkrnlmp.exe.
«Windows XP could not start because of a computer disk hardware configuration problem: Could not read from the selected boot disk. Check boot path and disk hardware. Please check the windows documentation about hardware disk configuration and your hardware reference manuals for additional information ». (Unable to load Windows XP in response to the problem of hardware configurations: it is not possible to boot from a specified drive. Verify that the specified routes, as well as to the correctness of the equipment.)
Most likely, in the boot.ini file is simply a wrong way to download a copy of Windows. Use the MAP and BOOTCFG in the Recovery Console to determine the correct way. Also possible situation in which the target disk is unavailable because of hardware problems: for example, not closed a key block in the removable hard disk, resulting in the disc is not receiving power.
]]> English version http://www.csom.ru?id=2560 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 15:43:44 GMT
Having completed the installation of Windows XP, install and configure all the drivers you use the equipment, then go to the folder in which you installed Windows XP (for example C: \ Windows), go to a subfolder Driver Cache, locate it in a subfolder I386, which stores all device drivers included with your Windows, and destroy it. Thus, you save about 100 MB of disk space. In the event that subsequently become necessary to install Windows XP in new equipment, you have to take advantage of distributive CD. If you do not plan to use the Help and Support (Help and Support Center), you can remove all the contents of subfolders Help folder, install Windows, except files bnts.dll, sniffpol.dll, sstub.dll and tshoot.dll (savings - about 60 megabytes ).

In Windows XP, there is a cache system libraries, designed for automatic recovery in case of injury or loss. This cache is physically located in a folder DllCash, located in the System32 folder, subfolder install Windows XP, and the default cache size is 400 MB. The first step is to configure the maximum size of the cache system so that when re-loading system is not filled this folder automatically. To do this, open the Quick Start program, following the sequence of commands Start-> Run (Start-> Run), and type in the following command:

sfc / cachesize = X

where X - the maximum allowable size of the system cache in megabytes, which can be set between 0 and 400. We recommend that you leave the maximum size of the system cache of at least 50 MB. Now you can open the folder you install Windows XP, then move to a subfolder System32 \ DllCash and delete all files stored in it.

CAUTION
Using the command sfc / cachesize = 0 to install the system cache size to zero may adversely affect the performance of Windows XP and its resistance to software failures. In this case, saving disk space sooner or later lead to the need to re-reinstall Windows.

Quite a large amount of disk space you can save by deleting all your unused software Windows XP, such as online games, graphics editor Paint, the program Microsoft Net Meeting, Movie Maker, MSN Exlorer, Windows Messenger, or any other. By default, Windows XP can not uninstall those supplied to its delivery program, but there «trick», through which you can correctly remove all unnecessary components of Windows XP.
]]> English version http://www.csom.ru?id=2559 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 15:43:42 GMT Control Panel-> User Accounts-> Change users log into the system (Start-> Control Panel-> User Accounts-> Change the way users log on or off). In the window that appears necessary to reset the boxes I use the greeting (Use the Welcome screen) and Use Fast User Switching (Use Fast User Switching), followed by a click on the Apply button options (Apply Options). In this case, when you start Windows XP instead of the standard window will appear welcoming «traditional» window log on Windows NT

When you sign in to Windows, there are two fields: User, which should gain the title of the account to log in and password to enter the password assigned the account. Below is housed switch the keyboard layout; additional parameters of the windows open you click Settings.

CAUTION
It should be remembered that when switching mechanism to log on to «classic» mode, you lose the opportunity to use the technology of Fast User Switching (Fast User Switching). The use of the properties of the system is only possible when using a standard mechanism to log on Windows XP.

Cancel button clears located at the top of your field, the continuation of the Windows running on pressing OK. Clicking the mouse button Completion of the work leads to restart the computer.

Council
After the return of «classic» scheme log on to a standard mechanism for Windows XP Fast User Switching mode may still be unavailable. To activate it, log in as Administrator, using the boot in Safe Mode (Safe Mode), and change your selection in the box, the User Accounts Control Panel.
]]> English version http://www.csom.ru?id=2558 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 15:43:42 GMT To begin with, and a man in the street, and employees of investigative bodies has long been a shining such a stereotype of computer criminals «made in USSR». It grew up in a family average of Soviet engineers stripling of 18 years, TI - 20 spawn, with dark, long, slightly shaggy hair, bespectacled, tight-lipped, vicious, scattered, with bluzhdayuschim look, crazy on computers, days and nights of their prosizhivayuschy «Infernal machine», completely ignoring the events in the outside world and girls. We can not say that this stereotype has no right to exist and the innocent are not similar to the original. The most interesting thing is that, as the statistics show, and independent studies conducted, strangely enough, Russian experts (and non-specialists), 20 of 100 «inhabitants» criminal world with «computer sloping» are a hundred percent «clean» stereotypical computer criminals. But only 20 out of 100. The remaining 80 in this stereotype does not fit either (the most interesting and, incidentally, a dangerous case) or partially (this is mainly an intermediate stage between the stereotype and its extreme opposite).
Stereotypes, as we know, not born from scratch. Indeed, in Russia, so historically, the largest number of engineers per capita. And also the undeniable fact that a particular family prosperity engineers are no different (apparently due to high competition ...). But as the statistics show, the continuity of families of engineers is very high (on a number of regions it reaches 60%, or 6 children from 10 families engineers go in the footsteps of their parents). This can be explained by the family spirit, a high level of technical education in Russian universities, and perhaps something else, but I prefer a slightly different explanation --
a) a purely human laziness and hope to «Ancestry» of the younger generation (I will go to matVUZ - Dad with his mother in the study podsobyat ...)
b) The parent hoped that the enormous project engineers finally to appreciate, though not in themselves, and children (she is - hope for justice - historical, social, economic - if this happens ...). In doing so, inheritance in these families, despite the well-known phrase «children geniuses nature rest», I would even say enhanced. Without going into details of life, I will only say that, unlike the children of musicians, engineers children in the 6 (v. 3) out of 10 have made great strides in life than parents, while maintaining a professional affiliation. What does this mean? On that children in families engineers have a strong predisposition to various technical hobby. And most are related to «men». So even led, by virtue of the structure of the brain most «people». And what is now the most advanced, most interesting technology in the world? True, cars and computers. In relative somewhere 40 to 60. In addition, the «strength» technology is very high and the «army of young tehnarey» align and simply interested in computers, not born engineers, people in families. As a result, because stratification is already inside layer of people to join computer science, we get about 20% «botanists», ie «Finished» tehnarey really loose on computers and electronics, and nothing but this, are not accepted, 40% - «middle class» and 20% - «white collar», skim the cream off with all computer and electronic business. More quietly «dispersed».
And «appear» stereotipicheskie person (the same «Botany») and the creative personality, do not fit into the stereotype ( «white collar»). In the first everything seems clear - they brought social environment, to some extent, the desire for technology embedded in them genetically. But the second group - inmates of economic policy. They realized the time its capacity at any given time and, potentially, identified «marketing» price of their knowledge, made a career out of passion. Their knowledge, in most cases, extensive and systematic, and investigative and valuable than the most «loaded botanists». They - the real power in the business, legal business, and in the criminal world.

Unauthorized access to information stored in computers ¬ re.

The concept of computer information as defined in Article 272 Penal Code. The subject of computer information are information resources, which in Article 2 of the Federal Law of 20 February 1995 "On information, informatization and information protection" are treated as separate arrays of instruments in information systems. These resources, under Article 2 of the Act include information on persons, objects, events, processes, people, regardless of the form of their submission. The Act provides a full decoding of their content.
The peculiarity of computer information - in its relatively simple forward, conversion and reproduction; removal of information, unlike the seizure of property. It easily remains in the source, access to the same file that contains information that can be simultaneously virtually unlimited number of users. As early as 1982 in the High Court judicial review of the Soviet Union was reflected conditions for the use of computerized information in criminal proceedings. The most common unauthorized access is carried out, usually using ¬ vaniem someone else's name, changing the physical addresses, technical mouth ¬ roystv, the information after the address, mo ¬ difikatsiey software and information management, theft ¬ To carry information, install recording devices Connected to data paths. Progress has given rise to entirely new category of criminals - hackers. People, hobbies, computers, to the extent that it goes beyond decency. According to unverified data in the world, there are entire communities of hackers, where they exchange information, data and the like. In most cases Cybercrime committed by them. Hackers. For some, hacking and attempt to understand the stolen information to entertainment, for other business. They may be months "knock" in private passwords, copy-protection systems "door" networks or computers of individuals re ¬ biraya simple words as a password. And it is not so silly as it sounds (at least it was until recently). There are a few more satisfied ¬ but simple and effective means of illegal connections to remote computers. In this case, the entire treatises written, they can be found in unlimited quantities on the Internet - the worldwide global computer network. Unauthorized access to files legitimate user carried ¬ schestvlyaetsya also finding weaknesses in the protection system. Once they found, the violator may nespesha explored in the system ¬ subject information, copy it, go back to it many times as ¬ Patel buy the goods in shop windows or the reader chooses a book, looking at the shelves of libraries. Programmers sometimes make mistakes in the programs that are not found in the process of debugging. This creates possibilities for finding a "BRAY ¬ Shea." Authors large complex programs may not notice some SLA ¬ bostey logic. Vulnerabilities sometimes found in the electronic circuits. Usually they did detected in verification, editing, debugging program, but it is absolutely impossible to get rid of them. It happens that programmers deliberately doing "gaps" for future use. Receiving a "gap" can be developed. In found (created) "gap" program "broken" and go further Insert one or more commands. The "hatch" open "to the extent necessary, and built the team automatically ¬ ki carry out their task. Most often, this project is receiving ¬ tantami systems and employees of organizations involved in prevention and repair systems. More rarely - those self-discover "gaps". It happens that someone enters into a computer system, giving themselves a legitimate user. Systems that do not have the means Au ¬ tentichnoy identification (for example, physiological characteristics: the fingerprints, designed by retina, voice, etc.), find themselves without protection against the reception. The easiest way to implement it - to get codes and other identifying codes of legitimate users. Here ways - great variety, ranging from simple fraud. Sometimes happens, for example, with the wrong telephone call ¬ world that the user network from a remote computer connects to someone's system, being absolutely sure that it works with the system, how and intends. The owner of the system, which actually connect, forming a plausible responses can maintain this delusion for some time and thus get some information, in particular code. In any computer center has a special program used as a systematic tool in the event of a malfunction or other o ¬ loneny in the computer, a kind of analog devices placed in transport under the caption "Split glass in the event of an accident." Such pro ¬ Decent - a powerful and dangerous tool in the hands of the attacker. Most recently, in our country have set up institutions of higher education to train professionals in the field of information security. Unauthorized access can be carried out and as a result of systemic failure. For example, if some user files remain ¬ are open, he could gain access to Parts neprinadlezhaschim him databank. Everything happens as if bank customer into the allocated ¬ lennuyu him in the store room, observes that the store is not one wall. In this case, it may enter into other people's safes and steal everything in their stores. Also, under the concept of "nesakntsionirovannogo access" are those particular as input to the software "logic bombs" that CPA ¬ batyvayut if certain conditions and partly or wholly incapacitate a computer system. Method "Trojan horse" is the secret introduction of foreign pro ¬ Decent such commands that allow a new, is not planning ¬ vavshiesya owner of the program functions, but at the same time preserve and earlier works. With the help of "Trojan horse" criminals, for example, pay at their own expense certain amount from each transaction. In fact, everything is quite simple: Computer software texts are usually extremely complex. They consist of hundreds of thousands and sometimes millions of commands. Therefore, "troyans ¬ cue horse" of the several dozen teams could hardly be found, unless, of course, there is no suspicion about this. But in the latter case, the expert programmers take many days and weeks to find him. Turning to the history of computer crime. Here, in particular, clearly leads the U.S. because this country is the mass emergence of computer technology. About Russia talk is premature because it is, in my view, just embarking on the thorny path vesobschey "okumpyuterrizatsii, and the opportunity to commit a crime in this area in our country is somewhat less, or sometimes they do not make sense. An interesting case of "Trojan horse" one amerikans ¬ Kim programmer. He inserted into the computer company where workers ¬ Tal, the team did not otchislyayuschie money, and not to print outlet for ¬ couple of certain revenue. These amounts, specially marked ¬ WIDE, "existed only in the system. Ukrainian BLANC ¬ ki, he filled them with an indication of its clandestine marking and received the money, and such transactions are still not printed and could not be subjected to audit. There is another kind of "Trojan horse". Its particular feature ¬ toit that bezobidno-looking part of the program is not inserted commands actually doing all the work directly. a team, form ¬ ing these commands, and after following the crushing them. In this case, pro ¬ rammistu, trying to find a "Trojan horse", must be sought not his own, and commands his form. Building on that idea, it is possible to imagine a team that created the team, etc. (arbitrarily large number of times), which pose a "Trojan horse".
]]> English version http://www.csom.ru?id=2557 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 15:40:48 GMT The "piecemeal virus" is divided into parts, at first glance, that do not respect. These parts contain the instructions that indicate the computer how to build them together to recreate and, therefore, reproduce the virus. Thus, it almost always is in the "distribution" state, only a short time their work gathering into a coherent whole. Typically, the creators of the virus are being decrees ¬ him the number of reproductions, after which he became aggressive. Such viruses are called "invisible".
Variations of viruses depend on the objectives pursued by their creator. Signs of them may be relatively benign, for example, ¬ slowly in carrying out programs or the appearance of svetyascheysya point on the screen ¬ not display. Symptoms may be Evo ¬ lyutivnymi, and the disease will worsen as they flow. So inexplicably programs are beginning to throng magnetic disks, resulting in a significantly increased level of program files. Finally, these acts can be catastrophic and result ¬ raniyu to STI files and destroy software. What are the ways the spread of computer viruses? They are assessed on the basis ¬ ability of the virus to use any transmitted data as a "means of transport." That is the beginning of infection is a risk that computers can create a large number of tools to ¬ vizheniya and subsequent hours all the files and software to be infected. Thus, diskette or magnetic flax ¬ is transferred to other computers are able to infect them. Conversely, ARP ¬ yes "healthy" floppy disk introduced in the infected computer, it can become a carrier. Easy to disseminate vast epidemic ¬ eye zyvayutsya telecommunications networks. A single exposure to the personal computer has been infected or infected someone with whom contact ¬ guarantee. However, the most frequent method of infection - is copying programs ¬ ramm that is a common practice among users of personal computers. So are copied and infected program. The experts caution against copying stolen programs. Sometimes, however, and formally delivered programs can be sources of contamination ¬ nickname. Often, with the beginning of the epidemic computer link the name of Robert Morissa student Cornell University (USA), the re ¬ a result of action by contaminated ¬ proved critical computer networks east and west coasts of the United States. The epidemic spread to more than a thousand ¬ computers and 70 computer systems. ¬ assisting victims were, among other things, computer centers NASA Divermorskoy Laboratory of Nuclear Studies, Harvard, Pittsburgh, Maryland, Vis ¬ konsinskogo, California, Stznfordskogo universities. The scale is impressive. However, in the global marketplace increasingly gaining popularity antivirus software, written by Russian developers. A virus is the inventor, a student at the University of California, Fred Cohen, who in 1984, speaking at a conference, spoke about their experiences so that a friend of his called "computer virus". When practice began ¬ some use of viruses is unknown, because banks, insurance companies, enterprises, to discover that their computers are infected with a virus, does not allow ¬ Cali to the attention of the prosochilis out. The press often draw a parallel between computer viruses and virus "AIDS". Only orderly life with one or more partners the ability to protect against the virus. The indiscriminate connection with many computers will almost certainly lead to infection. Note that the desire to limit the use of untested software ¬ ensure likely will remain practically unfeasible. This con ¬ shown that the original program for the "sterile" media faces a lot of money in convertible currency. Therefore, to avoid them nekontroli ¬ ruemogo copy almost impossible. To be fair, that the spread of computer viruses ¬ yuternyh has some advantages. In particular, they are, apparently, the best defense against hijackers software. Often, developers knowingly infect their floppies any innocuous virus, which is well found any al ¬ tivirusnym test. This is a fairly reliable guarantee that no risk to copy a floppy disk.
]]> English version http://www.csom.ru?id=2556 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 15:40:46 GMT English version http://www.csom.ru?id=2555 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 15:40:44 GMT Computer crimes are divided into seven main categories, one way or another connected with hakerstvom: financial theft, sabotage, theft of hardware, software theft, theft and electronic espionage. A seventh "crime" - computer hacking.

financial theft
Financial thefts occur when the computer records in order to change the attribution of other people's money. Often this is done using the program, directing money to specific bank accounts, usually through technology "salami". "Salami" - a method involving the theft of small amounts over a long time in the hope that it will not be noticed. Thieves pereprogrammiruyut bank or any other computer in such a way that pence come to lime accounts. For example, the account can be stored 713.14863, where 863 random numbers, because when multiplication takes into account all the signs. Typically, the computer shows that the person in the bank $ 713.15, rounded 4 to 5. However, a computer, programmed with the "salami" separates those extra numbers and thwarted them on separate accounts. And now people are only $ 713.14, well who notices or pozhaluetsya to loss of a penny.
The computer itself is unable to produce new money, he can only transfer the money to illegal legal effect. Such theft is difficult to detect. Once the account from the thief accumulated a large amount, he withdrew money from the account and, in most cases is removed along with them. Many thieves tried to use this form of bank robberies, and many were captured, but now it can do each.
Identify the use of such technology could be as follows:
the computer creates a list of all accounts showing the number of times within one or a few days to the account has been accessed. Then, any account that zatrebyvalsya too often tested to determine how much money he shot during each treatment. If this small amount - it means someone lucky.
Although I myself do not do these things, I did indicate to what is the problem of looters. Rather than reprogramme the computer for direct transfer of small amounts to the account, they should simply deduct the money and keep track of how much money will meet in an area separate from the files of accounts. Then change the parts of the program, which lists the total number of bank deposits, accounting for the hidden amounts that the money does not seem lost. When the hidden number reaches a certain value, then it should be transferred to the thief, and transferees should equal the amount of random variables in order to avoid suspicion.
Such actions include access to a computer. They are usually committed by the bank, and this hacking here it is not. However, if such a theft committed by the limited level of access or a stranger, hacking is required.

sabotage
Computer sabotage - is the physical destruction of hardware or software, no distortion or destruction of computer information. The cause of sabotage may be a desire to get rid of a competitor or to obtain insurance. Computer hacking only indirectly linked to sabotage, because most hackers aim is to maintain the computers, rather than destruction. However, sometimes hacking an element of sabotage. Contact Social engineering uses some sort of sabotage, but in reality it is only temporary and easily fixed by the withdrawal of the computer failure.
Computer vandals are often subjected to sabotage the information stored in computers, first using hakerskie methods of gaining access to them. But do not confuse vandals and other followers of sabotage of data from hackers. These people enter false information into computer systems, one way or another, damaging the database.

other types of theft
May include theft of hardware or a computer and peripherals, as well as theft of computer development. They are hacking to the extent that the stolen computer can be used to obtain access codes. In the case of software piracy hacker can secretly read e-mail or files developer trying to steal ideas.
Theft of software or software piracy - illegal copying of programs is protected by copyright. Hackers often make for yourself a copy of programs found in a computer system to understand how they work. Regarding the theft of hardware, there is a desire to catch up with competitors in the field of new development programs.
Theft of information include theft of credit cards, laboratory data on patients or clients, and generally any data that have potential value. The electronic espionage called the sale of such information to third parties when the hacker begins to spy on another company or country. In both cases, to steal information, and sometimes to establish contact with the spy agency used hacker technology.

seventh type of crime - specifically hacking.
Hackers are able to perform any of these crimes, but they prefer not to do so. So can we consider them criminals?
Of course, before you make that choice, hacker illegally break other people's computers. But we see no harm in the very act of "hacking".
Where there are other computer-related crime, criminal motives are clear. Understandably, when a person steals your computer, order a crime of revenge or a sense of gain. But in the case of "clean" hacking motives may not lie on the surface. The traditional reason for the occupation hakerstvom - the quest for knowledge. But today this tendency can lead to stronger desire, for example, the thirst for money.
]]> English version http://www.csom.ru?id=2554 Sun, 30 Nov 2008 15:40:40 GMT