The high complexity of the design of computer resulted in the creation of a new computer is due to highly interconnected and multi-long process.
Indeed, the design and manufacture of computer, determined the composition of work: structural, functional, shemotehnicheskoe and Design. These types of design and is usually performed in that order.
When the structural design based on the technical project is developed schematic diagram, which determines the basic structure of the computer (the device, blocks, etc.), their purpose and relationship. Select codes, diagnosis and control, addressing the exchange of information between computers and external devices and subscribers.
In the functional design developed detailed operational scheme of computer devices designed to clarify certain processes in individual functional circuits and devices in general and detailed exchange of information between them.
In the structural and functional design has been involved relatively few specialists, but the higher qualification. Most of the challenges faced by them having a tremendous impact on the development and the main indicators of future computers.
When shemotehnicheskom (logical) developed the detailed design of the conceptual framework of devices that are targeted to specific elements of the system. Shemotehnicheskoe designing computer is a big labor and, therefore, require a lot of developers. The main task of designing shemotehnicheskogo well formalized and allow the use of computer solutions (design automation).
When designing the design (or, otherwise, the design) is selected spatial structure, energy and time relationships of the structures, relations with the environment and objects are defined and types of materials processing are set quantitative standards (for links, materials and processing), which can produce product corresponding to specified requirements.
The relationships in the construction of computer may have a different nature, mostly electrical, optical, thermal and mechanical.
Ultimately, the process of designing a set of technical (engineering) documents showing the whole set of rules on the newly developed product.
The process of developing a computer (and any other product) usually consists of several interrelated stages. The work performed at these stages is divided into research and development (R & D) and the experimental design (ROC).
The sequence of stages of development of computers, performance and the issuance of stadium design and technological documentation for these stages set state standards.
In the NIR detected in principle the possibility of establishing a computer, being part of the theoretical and experimental design. In particular, the selection and wording of the goal of designing, supported by baseline data, defines the principles of building a computer. In fact, the main purpose of NCI is ascertainment of principle feasibility of selected principles and decisions. The amount of design work in carrying out R & D are usually not too big, as in the period under study and development of innovative designs, only certain parts products.
If finalized negative NCI result, it shows either unviable this development, or that the staging of modern science and technology was premature.
R & D in general may not take place if the development of a new computer is not connected with a new technical solutions, and based on the outcome achieved previously.
As a result of the research is carried out scientific and technical report with recommendations (or nerekomendatsiyami) of the ROC and a technical task.
Indeed the development of a new computer is held in the ROC. Based on the results of the NCI, the ROC is designed to optimize the engineering of its embodiment.
Technical specifications is the main instrument for the ROC. It is executing on the basis of the requirements for the product the customer, and sets the basic purpose and quality products, technical feasibility, production and special requirements of the developed by product, volume, timing and stages of development, scope and composition of technical documentation, Order testing and commissioning of products into commercial operation, funding, etc.
System requirements are an essential part of technical task, since roughly define the characteristics of future computers.
Individual stages of development can not be planned, if developed simple design or modernized products not related to fundamental changes.
In developing such a complex product like computers based on a common technical tasks were private technical assignments to individual constituent parts (the device blocks sites), whose development can be performed by different subcontractors, offices, services. The volume of industrial and economic requirements in the private technical task less, but the specifications are set out in more detail and provide additional data.
In the process of implementing the ROC held all design and technological calculations, as well as pilot studies. ROC ends with a full set of design and technological documentation for the product and customer presentation of a prototype product or lot done on this document.
GOST 2.103 - 68 sets the stage of product development and production of design documents with the ROC, as well as the major phases of the work at these stages (Table 5).
Technical proposal sketchy project, technical project related to the project stages. Accordingly, and documentation for the product produced at these stages, called the project.
Technical proposal - a set of design documents that contain technical and feasibility studies feasibility of developing the product documentation based on the analysis of technical tasks and different options for possible implementation, comparative evaluation of solutions based on design and operational features of developed and existing products, as well as patent research.
In the development of computer technology under a proposal being developed following key issues: a review of the scientific and technical literature, patents and legal and technical papers on the subject, the definition of principle the possibility of establishing zakazyvaemoy mainframe, preliminary proposals on the structure of computers and its elemental base; formulation of general recommendations on the development Several options for construction mainframe, the initial identification of the software, a list of organizations co RPCR, clarify the scope, cost and timing of development proposals to clarify the technical task.
After clarification, coordination and approval of technical tasks and customer acceptance of technical proposals are beginning to develop eskiznogo project.
Sketchy project - a set of design documents that contain the fundamental design solutions that give a general idea of the device and the principle of the product, as well as determining the appointment, the basic parameters and dimensions of the product. At this stage the preferred option subject to a detailed design study to identify possible best meet all the demands placed on it. Being mainly the following issues: theoretical and experimental research in areas identified at the stage of technical proposals, the optimal choice for a number of signs option to be further developed, ie the selection of main line of computer design and its constituent parts, develop technical solutions to ensure the reliability of computer, tehnologichnosti, standardization and unification of construction, ergonomic design, safety and competitiveness, etc.; rationale and choice of circuit implementation, a technical task the development of new components and test equipment; description of computers in general and on devices; layout to develop electronic circuits, thermal, electromagnetic compatibility, proposals to clarify the technical task.
Once agreed, protection and adoption sketchy draft was the basis for the next phase of the project - the technical project.
Technical design - a set of design documents containing the final technical solutions that give a full picture of the device developed products and raw data to develop a working document. It held out the detailed designs and design (at the drawings at all important sites, blocks, the device), includes system software, developed technology of manufacturing composite parts of computers and automation of its design and construction; performed spatial layout designs and prototypes to evaluate parasitic connection thermal regimes, convenience of installation, repair, maintenance and protection from external influences, manufactured units and units that are taking place the necessary control tests, checked and evaluated technological designs, the extent to which their art microelectronics and integrated mikrominiatyurizatsii, the degree of harmonization and standardization and t . e.
Once agreed, protection and approval of the technical project moved to a working computer design.
The working draft - this is a working set of design and technological documentation for the manufacture and testing of a prototype, lot, serial (mass) production. The working draft is finalized, the most responsible stage of development of computers.
Under the working draft developed a complete set of design documents necessary for construction, inspection, exploration and exploitation of computer technology manufacturing individual units and computers in general, produced experimental samples of major hubs and computers, a program of preliminary (factory) tests the main hubs and computers, conducted these tests, adjusted for the results of testing documentation. For this purpose, advanced computer models to understand is usually made by the newly established working documentation to verify its conformity with the Technical specifications, design verification, determination of the amount and nature of follow-up and necessary adjustments to design documents and preparation of technological equipment production.
To assess the quality of a prototype computer-created state or inter-ministerial commission. It assesses the extent to which the development of all the requirements of technical tasks, completeness and quality of design and technological documentation, makes recommendations on whether the new computers into serial production. If necessary, a list needed improvements and an additional test computers. Acceptance of a prototype ROC almost completed, and kits for design and technological documentation handed over to production for the serial or mass release of a computer.
In the serial or mass production is carried out a number of phases of design and technology work: the manufacture and test pilot (mounting) series products; adjustment of design and technological documents on the manufacture and testing of components of computer experimental series; production head (control) series of fully equipped computer technological process; adjustment design and technological documents on the manufacture and testing of the parent series, specifically the production of computers.
Finally, it should be noted that in the course of the work constantly make decisions at various stages of development and are the best. The specifics of the development of computers is that from the very beginning to develop in all its phases and stages of working together of different professions: Technician of Circuits, designers, technicians, etc.